| 解填空时,先找句子的分段点,这些分段点经常是连词,介词,分词和标点符号。将句子分为几段,选择要看的那部分句子,即只关注空格所在的那部分句子。 词的顺序
词的顺序在托福语法中出现得较多。错误的选项与正确选项的差别往往只是几个词的顺序不同,但是表达的效果却完全不同。有幸的是,错误的选项经常在句法上就不成立,如将正常语序中的主谓颠倒,名词词组中的中心词和定语颠倒。一旦你能识别句子主干和结构,问题就变得相当简单。颠倒的顺序只能混淆那些完全不懂的考生,对于大部分考生来说都是送分题。 ★例题1(1997年8月考题) An critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry's audience faces the difficult challenge of persuading skeptical readers _____. (A) that poetry is important today (B) for poetry to be important today (C) to be important poetry today (D) poetry that is important today. 首先,分析句子结构。句子的主干是an critic(teacher, librarian or poet ) faces the difficult challenge。定语从句who hopes to broaden poetry's audience修饰句子的主语an critic, teacher, librarian, or poet;介词短语of persuading skeptical readers_____修饰名词词组the difficult challenge。空格内填入的既不是主句的主语,谓语,也不是主句的宾语,但它却是修饰宾语的定语。所以必须符合修饰的规则,在这里表现为符合动词persuade的用法。我们知道,persuade有三种用法:persuade sb to do sth(劝某人做某事),persuade sb of sth(劝某人相信某事)和persuade sb that从句(劝某人相信某事)。选项正好符合第三种用法,而且意思通顺。选项B和C虽然都带了介词to,但却不符合persuade sb to do sth的用法,因为其中的动词do sth必须是sb这个人所执行的动作。对于选项D,显然poetry that的顺序错了。如果将poetry that该成that poetry,就变成了选项A,即正确答案。 ★例题2(1999年1月考题) All eels spawn in the sea, the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____, feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels. (A) that drift about (B) drift about (C) about drifting (D) drift about them 首先分析句子结构。All eels spawn in the sea是个完整的主谓结构。而其后的成分与这个主谓结构没有连词相连(4个选项都不含连词),所以后面都是修饰成分。其中的the eggs hatchingsintostransparent, ribbonlike larvae _____应该是同位语,而feeding until they metamorphosesintossmall eels是larvae的伴随状语。所以,空格里填入的应该是修饰larvae的成分。4个选项中,A是以that引导的定语从句,它正好可以修饰名词larvae。选项B和D正好与larvae构成主谓结构,显然不符合空格。至于C,则纯粹是一个混淆选项。 ★例题3(1997年8月考题) Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size. (A) were horsetail rushes (B) horsetail rushes (C) horsetail rushes were (D) and horsetail rushes 首先,分析句子结构。这个句子以介词短语开头,among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth。根据我们平时阅读的经验,该介词短语应当充当句子的谓语或者修饰名词的定语。如果它充当句子的谓语,那么这个句子应该用倒装语序,即后面紧跟一个助动词和主语。选项A正好是这种倒装的谓语结构,而且空格后which引导的从句正好修饰在它之前的名词horsetail rushes。这里,among介词引导的短语的另外一种可能用法是修饰主句的名词做定语。如果是这种情况的话,空格应该有一个完整的主谓结构,应该空格后都是定语。选项B和D都不带谓语动词,所以排除掉。选项C后带了动词,但却是助动词,而且正好是选项A的主谓顺序颠倒。由此,我们知道这应该是一个介词引导的倒装语序,所以正确答案是A. ★例题4(1997年8月考题) Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy. (A) for renewable sources (B) the sources are renewable (C) are renewable sources (D) renewable sources 这里,句子的主干应该是wind and solar power____ of energy。Unlike fossil fuels表示比较,做状语。而which引导的从句which can be used only once修饰fossil fuels。我们将4个选项分别代入句子主干的空格中,得(A) wind and solar power for renewable sources of energy选项A没有主语,即没有完整的主谓结构。(B) wind and solar power the sources are renewable of energy很明显,这也不能构成一个完整的有意义的句子。(C) wind and solar power are renewable sources of energy这个选项最合适,因为主谓齐全,而且以名词sources结尾,让介词短语of energy修饰。(D) wind and solar power renewable sources of energy很明显,这也不能构成一个完整的主谓结构。所以,正确答案是C ★例题5(1997年8月考题) Today _____ of the Earth live on a very small percentage of the Earth's land surface. (A) about two-thirds populated (B) the population is about two-thirds (C) about two-thirds of the population (D) of about two-thirds the population is 首先,分析句子结构。根据句子的大意,动词live应该是主句的谓语动词。空格填入的应该是句子的主语,而a very small percentage of修饰限定the Earth's land surface。我们简化这个句子,得出句子主干_____ live on the Earth's land surface。空格内应该填入名词或者名词短语。4个选项中,只有C是明显的名词短语,代入后也符合句意。选项A中的populated不论是做定语还是谓语都不符合句意。而选项B和D都是带有助动词的主谓结构,当然不能填入只缺主语的句子中。所以,正确答案是C。 ★例题6(1997年8月考题) Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert's Rules of Order, _____during meetings. (A) and avoid large decision-making organizations' procedural confusion (B) large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion (C) is procedural confusion avoided by large decision-making organizations (D) are avoiding procedural confusion in large decision-making organizations 首先,我们分析following以后空格以前句子的成分。其中的established by the book Robert's Rules of Order和for speaking and voting都修饰the guideline。所以,我们可以将空格前的成分简化为following the guidelines。那么这时,原句成为Following the guidelines, _____ during meeting.和例题3一样,following the guidelines不是做定语(伴随状语)就是做谓语。如果它做定语,后面必须带自然语序的主谓结构;如果它做谓语,后面必须带倒装的主谓结构。由此,我们排除带有and的选项A。根据句意(guidelines和confusion的意思)我们又可以排除选项C。这时,我们只剩下选项B和D。选项D是主谓倒装的结构,填入后主语应该是avoiding procedural confusion,谓语动词是are。很明显,avoiding procedural confusion后应跟单数谓语动词。所以D也错,只有B才可能是正确答案。代入句中,符合句意。 ★例题7(1997年8月考题) Because it was so closely related to communication, _____ art form to develop. (A) drawing was probably the earliest (B) to draw early was probably (C) early drawing probably (D) the earliest draw. 首先,我们分析句子结构。空格前是because引导的原因状语从句,也就是说,_____art form to develop应该是完整的主谓结构。而单数的art暗示它应该是修饰名词form,不定式to develop做补语。所以,空格内应填入完整的主谓结构。这时,我们可以排除选项C和D,剩下选项A和B。仔细对比选项A和B,我们发现选项A更符合句意,因为drawing这个名词(画)才可能是一种艺术形式(art form),而动作to draw不可能是一种艺术形式。所以,正确答案是A。 名词词组与动名词 名词短语或动名词主句(或者从句)中做主语或者宾语。
A.语法复习由名词构成名词词组的几种方法 1. n. + adj.短语,如the jobs available to women 2. n. +介词短语,如a child with reading problem 3. adv. + v.-ed + n.,如seemingly limited number 4. n. + v.-ed短语或者-ing短语 5. n. of sth B.例题 ★例题1(1999年1月考题)____in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water. (A) Plants are widely spaced (B) The spacing of plants is wide (C) Plants to be spaced widely (D) The wide spacing of plants 首先分析句子结构。该句的主干是:is due to the limited supply.这里,句子缺主语。所以,空格中应该填入名词或者名词词组。选项A和B都是完整的主谓结构,而非名词或名词词组。根据due to的用法,我们又能排除C,所以正确答案是D。 ★例题2(1999年1月考题) Most leaves are coated with a waterproof _____, or cuticle. (A) that the covering (B) and is covering (C) covering (D) by covering 这已经是一个简单的句子结构,即主谓完整。如果你认识waterproof这个词,你就知道空格里应该填入名词。因为waterproof是形容词,它只能修饰名词或者动名词。(这里的waterproof不能表示类别做名词,因为前面的冠词是a而不是the)你也可以根据平行结构,由or cuticle判断空格里应该填入名词或者动名词。(cuticle:表皮)而4个选项中只有C是名词或者动名词。 ★例题3(1999年8月考题) The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms that contain_____, such as drama, poetry, essays, and novels. (A) artistic, creative writing (B) writing that artistic, creative (C) artistic, creative, and writing (D) them is artistic, creative writing 首先,分析句子结构。该句子的主干是:The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms。后面的that引导的从句修饰名词词组literary forms,contain是动词(包含),后面应该带名词或名词词组。不但如此,such as这个短语引出的drama, poetry, essays, and novels应该是空格的同位语,再次说明空格内应填入名词或名词词组。选项A正好是能做contain的宾语的名词短语。其中,形容词artistic和creative修饰动名词writing,组成名词词组。选项B中的that后面缺少助动词is。选项D也能构筑一个完整的句子结构,但是表达甚是累赘,而且代词them指代错误(them指代forms)。所以,正确答案是A。 ★例题4(1999年8月考题) Paul Samuelson revolutionized _____by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking at an introductory level. (A) to teach economics (B) the teaching of economics (C) teaching that economics is (D) economics is taught 首先,分析句子结构。空格后的by引导的动作做方式状语(by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking as an introductory level),句子的主干是Paul Samuelson revolutionized ______。由动词revolutionized(对...进行革命)的用法得出,其后应该填入名词或者名词词组,以构成完整的主谓宾结构(如果谓语动词作及物动词,句子的完整结构应该包含主谓宾结构;如果谓语动词作非及物动词,句子的完整结构是主谓结构)。对于选项A,动词revolutionize并没有revolutionize to do sth的用法,也就是说revolution做动词时,即revolutionize是及物动词,后不加不定式。选项B正好是可构成宾语的名词词组。对于选项C,其中的that economics is用法错误,因为它不能当从句修饰可做名词的动名词teaching。而对于选项D,它是一个完整的主谓结构,填入空格中根本没法形成一个结构合理的句子。 句法 A.语法复习 a)句法 按照语法结构及句子之间的关系可将句子划分为3类:简单句,并列句和主从句。 (1)简单句 整个句子中只有一个主谓结构,不含从句。在这一主谓结构中,可以是多个主语(合作主语)共享一个谓语,也可以是多个谓语(合作谓语)共享一个主语。如: Steve and I went to the cinema last night. I looked round but saw nobody. (2)并列句 整个句子由两个或者更多个互不依赖,互不修饰,平行并列的主谓结构构成了并列句。并列句通常由并列连词连接。这些并列连词包括:and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for, otherw ise, li kewise, however, nevertheless, while, whereas, though, only, both...and, not on ly...but also, as well as, either...or, neither...nor.如: I like Benz, but I do not have enough money to buy it. (3)主从句 顾名思义,主从句就是那些不仅包含主句,而且还包含一个或者多个具有修饰(限定,说明)作用的从句。作为句子成分,有修饰、限定或者说明作用的主谓结构句为从句;被从句修饰的部分所在的主谓结构称为主句。 如: He hurt his back wh en he fell.其中,he hurt his back是主句,而when he fell是(状语)从句。 b)从句 从句是指在一个大的完整的句子中具有修饰,说明或者限定作用的完整主谓结构。从句可能修饰某个词,甚至是整个句子。除了that和which可以省略以外,所有的从句都有引导词,而且都是陈述语序(而非倒装或者疑问语序)。从句可以分成以下6种: (1)主语从句 Whether or not she will go is up to her to decide. It was known long ago that air has pressure.(这里,it作形式主语) (2)宾语从句 Do you think it necessary that we start righ t now? (3)表语从句 My suggestion is that you should prepare fo r the grammar before you take the tes t. (4)同位语从句 There i s no probability that he will fail in the TOEFL. (5)定语从句 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 ①限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句与被修饰部分的关系紧密,不可或缺。若把该从句去掉,会使主句语义不完整。如: Do you know the man who is smoking over there? ②非限定性定语 从句非限定性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明,可有可无。如: Prof essor Robert, whom you met last day, comes from University of Chicago. (6)状语从句 ①时间状语从句 引导词有after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, each time, every time, hardly...when, hardly...before, no sooner...than, now t hat, once, since, the instant, the moment, till, until, when, whenever, while如: Once you know the grammar rule, you will do well in the grammar section of TOEFL. ②地点状语从句 where, wherever如:swheresthere's a will there's a way. ③原因状语从句 as, because, considering that, for the reason that, not that...but that, in that , now that, since如: Since you are leaving, I get to do it myself. ④结果状语从句 so, so...that, such...that如: He didn't wor k hard, so that he failed in the TOEFL. ⑤目的状语从句 for that, insgroupsth at, so that如: We set out early insgroupsthat we might arrive in time. ⑥比较状语从句 than, as, the more...the more如: The bridge was completed earlie r than we expected. ⑦让步状语从句 although, as, even if, even though, howev er, in spite of the fact that, no matte r, though, whatever, whether如: Thoug h they are poor, they are always neatly dressed. ⑧条件状语从句 as far as, a s long as, but that, if, if only, in case, on condition that, once, only if, on ly that, provided that, so far as, so long as, suppose, unless如: If you ask me, I will help you. ⑨强调状语从句如: It was the TOEFL that you will take. c) Runs-on句子(包含两个或多个错误连接的独立句子) 如:Current insurance practices are unfair they discriminate against the pe ople who need insurance most.你有两种办法修改run-on句子.第一个办法很简单,直接将两个独立的句子中的逗号改成句号。第二种办法是根据句子的意思用适当的连接词将这些独立的句子连接起来。这种办法比较常用,而且有效。 正确: Current i nsurance practices are unfair, in that they discriminate against the people who need insurance most. 这里,导致run-on句子的是副词however, nevertheless, fur thermore, likewise和t herefore等的误用。 RUN-ON句子: Current insurance prac tices are discriminatory, furthermore they ma ke insurance too expensive for the poor. 正确: Current insurance practices are discriminatory. Furthermore, they make ins urance too expensive for the poor. B.例题 ★例题1(1997年8月考题) Indigo is a vat color,called because it does not dissolve in water. (A) which it (B) it is (C) but (D) so 这里,句子的主干是Indigo is a vat color。而空格及以后的成分如果没有必要的连词连接的话,不能是完整的主谓结构。所以,我们排除选项B。而无论我们代入A或者C,都不能形成一个符合句法的句子结构。但代入D后,我们发现,空格后成了主句中vat color的同位语,即so指代vat color。选项A如果去掉it的话,which也能起到这种指代作用,但同位语。 ★例题2(1999年1月考题) Some snakes lay eggs, but othersbirth to live offspring. (A) give (B) giving (C) they give (D) to have given 首先分析句子结构。Some snakes lay eggs是一个完整的主谓结构,连词but预示后面应该也带一个完整的主谓结构,所以主语others之后应该填入动词或者助动词当谓语。4个选项中,只有A才能当完整的谓语。B中的giving前缺少助动词,选项C中多了一个主语they,D中的不定式仍然不能单独做谓语。所以,正确答案是A。 ★例题3(1997年8月考题) It was in the year 1792 (A) tha t the New York Stock Exchange was founded (B) founding the New Yo rk Stock Exchange (C) which year the New York Stock Exchange was founded (D) the New York Stock Exchange founded 根据我们的经验,这应该是一个强调句型,即it is ...that。其中it是形式主语,指代tha t引导的从句。这里,选项A符合这个句型,将时间状语in the year 1792作为表语是为了强调。即使你对这个强调句型不熟悉或者一时没想起来的话,你也可以根据主谓结构来排除错误的选项。如果将it was in the year 1792看成是一个完整的主谓结构,那么空格里填入的应该是从句或者该主谓结构中每个成分的修饰语。选项B显然不可能是修饰语,当然也不是从句。同理,选项D也不对。而选项C中的which year用法不对,表示年份的时间状语从句应该用in which。 ★例题4(1999年8月考题) By means of various types of wind tunnels,sim ulate most of the flight conditions to which an airplane is subjected. (A) which aeronautical engineers can (B) aeronautical engineers can (C) the ability of aeronautical engineers to (D) aeronautical engineers, being able to 这里,句子的主干应该是simulate most of the flight conditions。而介词短语by means of various types of wind tunnels作方式状语修饰主句,定语从句to which an a irplane is subjected修饰名词conditions。而主干的主谓结构缺的是主语,即空格里应该填入能充当主语的成分。很明显,4个选项中只有B填入空格后能使这个"主干"成为一个完整的独立的主谓结构。 ★例题5 (1999年8月考题) Bob Stephenson, a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx, a type of w ildcat, has learnedfrom studying their trac ks in the snow. (A) how lynx hunt (B) lynx hunt how (C) how hunt lynx (D) lynx how hunt 首先,分析句子结构。其中,a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx是B ob Stephenson的同位语,而a type of wildcat是the Canadian lynx的同位语。句子的主干是Bob Stephenson has learnedfrom studying their tracks in the snow,该主干中可谓是主谓齐全,填入空格内的应该是及物动词learn的宾语。浏览以下选项,我们发现它们之间的区别在于how,lynx和hunt三个单词的顺序排列。我们知道,how是疑问代词,lynx是名词(一种野猫),而hunt是动词(打猎,寻食)。这样,根据句意我们可以排除选项B和D。对于选项C,如果要表达"怎么打猎野猫",应该在how之后加上介词to,但这里没有。所以只有选项A符合这个空格,而且其后的代词their也预示了lynx是复数形式,所以动词用复数形式,即hunt。 ★例题6(2000年1月考题) Protein digestion begins in the stomachends i n the small intestine. (A) while (B) and (C) how (D) because 这里,空格内需要填入一个连词。4个选项中,D中的because后只能带完整的主谓结构,它显然不符合这个空格。选项C的how有两种用法,一个是后面带完整的主谓(或倒装)结构,另外一个是带不定式(how to do sth)。所以它也不适合这个空格。而选项A中的while之后要么带完整的主谓结构,要么是动名词或者介词短语,其后不能带单数的动词ends(当然也不能带end)。所以,A也错。只有B中的and填入空格中才能形成一个符合句法的句子,即两个谓语动词共享一个主语。 ★例题7(1997年8月考题) During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a tru e metamorphosiswith fishlike larval stage. (A) begin (B) began (C) beginning (D) is begun. 这里,During the course of its growth做时间状语,句子的主干是a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis。空格内填入的不是句子的主干,而应该是定语或者状语。选项A,B和D都只能做谓语,所以他们都不对。只有选项C中的beginning这个分词才能做定语或伴随状语。当然,如果选项B中的began改成begun,或者选项D中的is去掉,他们也能成为正确答案。 填空题解题步骤及考点 考试当天,你会碰到如下的答题提示 Directions: Question 1-15 are i ncomplete sentence. Beneath each se ntence you wil l see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best complete s the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen . 填空题解题步骤 1.先找句子的分段点 这些分段点经常是连词,介词,分词和标点符号。将句子分为几段,选择要看的那部分句子,即只关注空格所在的那部分句子。 2.简化句子 简化原则:以下句子成分可以直接划掉 a)介词短语(主句句首除外),即prep.+n. b)作定语(修饰名词)的形容词或者分词短语 c)副词、冠词、数词 d)位于句首或句尾作状语的分词短语 e)与空格无关的句子 3.分析句子结构,判断空格中所缺句子成分。 快捷方式:或直接套用固定句型或固定结构。 步骤实质:给自己找一个选择答案的依据。 4.对四个选项进行区分,结合句意和语感确定答案 在熟练掌握和使用上述方法后,无论是难题还是简单题,都能很快找到问题的关键。 考点 1.句法 2.名词词组与动名词 3.词的顺序 4.主谓一致 5.动词短语及用法 6.修饰:(1)形容词修饰(2)分词修饰(3)从句修饰(4)副词修饰(5)介词修饰 7.连词:(1)并列连词(2)从属连词 8.平行结构 9.比较:(1)比较(2)比较级 10.不定式与动名词 11.冠词 12.同位语 13.词性 14.语序--倒装句 15.形式主语 16. As的用法 17.伴随状语
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