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== 订票指南 ==

中国机票折扣网网上订票须知
哪些物品被禁止出境?
如何获取电子客票报销凭证
购买电子客票要注意三防
旅客变更机票如何处理
哪些物品被禁止入境?
哪些行李物品不能运输?
如何托运小动物?
为什么旅客误机时要将其行李卸
行李托运有哪些手续?
在什么条件下旅客的免费行李额
乘机有效身份证件
更多...

天空分类总汇1-2语言、文学

上海特价机票 北京特价机票 成都特价机票 深圳特价机票

这里是对欧当初那个天空随想的完善和补充,对所有的No,90-94里的天空和部分最新题与PP2中偶认为比较难的天空题按照内容进行了一下分类的整理,并尽我所能的探讨了各自共性的规律。

我本人更推重陈圣元的讲解分析,不过这里的解释主要以乾坤强的为主,(没办法,电子版的只能找到他的),96以后采用陈的解释, pp2中天空选用son整理的pp2填空讲解。

大概分类
1-5为语言文学艺术类
6-8为humanism类
9-16为社会历史类
17-21为科学类

开篇前先送给大家两个天空

战略上藐视敌人
A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more ------- the ideas.

complicated
inconsequential
elementary
fanciful
blatant

———————————————————————
答案:(A)

misconception: n.误解,错误想法
novice: n.新手,初学者
mirror: v.反映,折射出
convoluted: a.1.盘绕卷曲的,回旋的 2.错综复杂的
inconsequential: a. 1.微不足道的,细琐的 2.不连贯的,离题
fanciful: a.z幻想的,异想天开的
blatant: a.1.喧闹吵嚷的 2.炫耀的,俗丽的
 
浅尝写作的人经常持有这样一种误解,即句子结构反映着思想:句子结构愈是错综复杂,思想便愈显深奥隐晦.虽然结构sentence structure很convoluted,GRE的ideas不过so so。


战术上重视敌人

Since most if not all learning occurs through----, relating one observation to another, it
would be strange indeed if the study of other cultures did not also illuminate the study of
our own.

 assumptions
 experiments
 comparisons
 repetitions
 impressions

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

illuminate: v.1.照明,照射 2.阐明,解释,启发 3.使容光焕发,使辉煌
assumption: n.1.假定,臆断 2.自负,傲慢 3.担任,承担
comparison: n.1.比较,对照 2.相似,类似 3.比拟 4.比喻
 
既然绝大多数的——即便并非所有的——学习行为都是通过比拟进行的,将一种观察和另一种观察联系起来,因此,假若对其他文化的研究并不能同样地启迪对我们自身文化的研究的话,那才会让人感到奇怪至极呢。

观察比较永远是发现共性的最佳战术方法,欧这里的总结也

这句话也挺好
Pp2-86.The essays gathered in the volume are characterized by ___ that
____ their disparate origins.
a standard.. undermines
a permanence..distorts
a similarity..reinforces
a unity..belies(key)
an incompatibility..disguises
收集在这一册中的文章被赋予一致特性的,这一点说明他们分散的来源使部队的。
或者同义,或者反义,这儿是反义。

1.语言
综述
主题词:language、word(spellings pronunciations)、part of speech
风格:precise and obscurity/allusive,Literal and figurative(矛盾的两面
褒贬不一的说法)circumlocution, metaphorical subtle这两个词中立,delicacy; explicitly and euphemism; vulgarity and
mellifluous,elegance and earthiness


语言的约定俗成性(conspiracy against experience;)决定了语言的可偏离性,或许正是这种可偏离性决定了语言的矛盾性

语言是一个precise and obscurity/ allusive,Literal and figurative; explicitly and euphemism; vulgarity and mellifluous,(精确与模糊,刻板与多变,直白与委婉,粗俗与文雅)的矛盾统一体语言的约定俗成性

Any language is a conspiracy against
experience in the sense that it is a collective
attempt to----experience by reducing it into
discrete parcels.

 extrapolate
 transcribe
 complicate
 amplify
 manage

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

conspiracy: n.1.密谋,策划 2.共谋 3.合力,协力
in the sense that: 从…意义上而言
reduce: v.1.削减,压缩 2.把…降级,使沦为 3.约束,限制 4.归纳,总括,简化
 
discrete: a. 分离的,互不关联的
parcel: n.一小块(片),一批,部分
extrapolate: v.推断,推知
 
transcribe: v.1.抄写,誉写 2.把…译成文字,把…改成另一种形式
complicate: v.1.使复杂化,使恶化 2.使牵连,使卷入
amplify: v.1.放大(声音),增强 2.扩大,扩展,进一步阐发,引申 3.夸大,夸张
manage: v.1.管理,处理 2.控制,驾驭 3.使用,运用,操纵
 
任何语言都是针对经验的一种共谋,因为它是一种共同性的努力,通过将经验缩减分割成互不关联的部分,从而得以将其驾驭。

There is no necessary intrinsic connection
between a word and the thing it refers to; the
relationship is purely ----.

 conventional
 consistent
 strategic
 illustrative
 problematical

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

The spellings of many Old English words have
been----in the living language, although their
pronunciations have changed.

 preserved
 shortened
 preempted
 revised
 improved

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

spelling: n.1.拼写(读),拼法 2.拼字法
pronunciation: n.发音,发音法,读法
preempt: v.1.抢先占有,取得优先购买权 2.预先制止
revise: v. 修订,校订,订正
 
许多古英语词汇的拼写法在现用语言中得以保存,尽管其发音已有所变化。

It is strange how words shape our thoughts and trap
us at the bottom of deeply----canyons of thinking, their
imprisoning sides carved out by the----of past usage.
只有river能冲出canyons,并给人一种源远流长的感觉
 cleaved.. eruptions
 rooted.. flood
 incised.. river
 ridged.. ocean
 notched.. mountains

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

shape: v.1.使成形,塑造,制造 2.引导,决定…的发展方向
trap: v.1.设陷井捕捉 2.使陷入困境,使受限制
canyon: n.峡谷,海底悬崖
 
imprisoning: a.1.关押的,监禁的 2.禁锢的,限制的,束缚的
usage: n.1.使用,用法 2.习惯,习俗,习用 3.〔语〕惯用法,习语,成语
cleave: v.1.砍开,劈开 2.使分裂,使分开
eruption: n.喷发,爆发
incise: v.1.切,切入,切开 2.雕、刻、用雕刻进行装饰
 
ridged: a.起皱的,成脊状的,象山脊样隆起的
notched: a.有凹口的,锯齿状的
 
令人奇怪的是,词语何以会塑造我们的思想并将我们禁锢于深深凿刻的思维峡谷之深渊,峡谷那禁锢着我们的两侧由往昔的习语惯用法这条河川雕凿而出。

约定俗成性决定了语言的可偏离性
Because the order in which the parts of speech
appear in the sentences of a given language is
decided merely by custom, it is---- to maintain
that every departure from that order constitutes
a ----of a natural law.

 traditional.. transformation
 conventional.. transgression
 necessary.. prototype
 unjustifiable.. violation
 unreasonable.. formulation

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

part of speech: n.句子成分
given: a.1.规定的,特定的 2.有癖好的,有倾向的 3.已知的,假设的,作为前提的
custom: v.1.习惯,习俗,惯例 2.光顾;主顾 3.进口税
maintain: v.1.维持;保持,使继续 2.维修;保养 3.赡养,扶养;负担;支持
transformation: n.变化;转变;改革;变形;变质
conventional: a.1.习惯的,常例的 2.普遍的;常见的 3.(武器)常规的,非核子的
prototype: n.1.原型,样品;样本 2.模范;典型
transgression: n.违反;违法;侵犯;罪过;过失
constitute: v.1.组成,构成,形成 2.设立,建立 3.制定
unjustifiable: a.不能证明为正当的;无可辩解的;无道理的;错误的,无法接受的
  
在任何一种特定语言的句子结构中,由于诸句子成份孰先孰后出现的顺序仅仅是由约定俗成的惯例所决定的,因此,没有充分的理由去坚持认为,任何一种与此顺序相偏离的情形都构成了对某一自然法则的背离。

The term “modern”has always been used broadly by historians, and recent reports indicate that its meaning has become more ____ than ever.
(A) precise
(B) pejorative
(C) revisionist
(D) acceptable
(E) amorphous
【中文释义】“现代”这个词汇被历史学家们用得非常广泛,最近的汇报表明,它得含义已经变得比以往任何时候都更不确定。
【解题分析】由be used broadly可推断"modern"的含义现在变得“不确定”
【重点词条】pejorative a pejorative word or phrase 2pejorative adj [LL pejoratus, pp. of pejorare to make or become worse, fr. L pejor worse; akin to Skt padyate he falls, L ped-, pes foot--more at foot] (ca. 1888): having negative connotations; esp: tending to disparage or belittle: depreciatory -- pe.jo.ra.tive.ly adv\ amorphous 1 a: having no definite form: shapeless <an ~ cloud mass> b: being without definite character or nature: unclassifiable <an ~ segment of society> c: lacking organization or unity <an ~ style> 2: having no real or apparent crystalline form: uncrystallized <an ~ mineral> -- amor.phous.ly adv -- amor.phous.ness n
 

语言的矛盾性
约定俗成性决定了语言的可偏离性,或许正是这种可偏离性决定了语言的矛盾性
语言是一个precise and obscurity/ allusive,Literal and figurative; explicitly and euphemism; vulgarity and mellifluous(elegance.. earthiness),kindliness, savage irony(精确与模糊,刻板与多变,直白与委婉,粗俗与文雅)的矛盾统一体

how could A,(一个特征), come ,(一种情况),to do B?  此特征必与do b构成反义
How could words, confined as they individually
are to certain----meanings specified in a
dictionary, eventually come, when combined in
groups, to create obscurity and actually to
prevent thought from being----?

 indefinite.. articulated
 conventional.. conceivable
 unlikely.. classified
 archaic.. expressed
 precise.. communicable

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

confine: v.1.限制,使局限(to) 2.幽禁,禁闭
specify: v.1.具体指定,详细说明 2.详列 3.把…列为条件
obscurity: n.1.晦涩,费解 2.模糊的东西,费解的文字,含糊的意义
 3.无名,默默无闻
  
indefinite: a.1.不确定的,未定的 2.无定限的,无限期的
articulate: v.1.连接,接合 2.把(字句)清晰地发出音来,明确表达
conventional: a.1.惯例的,常规的,普通平凡的 2.因袭的,传统的
 
conceivable: a.可想象的,想得到的,可相信的
classify: v.把…分类,分等级
archaic: a.1.古代的,古风的 2.古体的,陈旧的
communicable: a.1.(思想)可以传授的 2.(疾病)传染性的
 
尽管词语在单个的情形下被限定在词典所确定的某些精确含义之内,但当它们组合而成为
词群时,最终又是怎样造成了语义的模糊,并实际上致使思想难以传达表述?

以古论今话文学
The semantic ---- of ancient documents is not
unique; even in our own time, many
documents are difficult to decipher.

 aspect
 pattern
 opacity
 intention
 erudition

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

semantic: a.〔语〕1.语义的 2.语义学的
unique: a.唯一的,独一无二的,无可匹敌的,独特的
decipher: v.1.译解(密码) 2.解释(难以理解之物,古代文字等)
opacity: n.1.不透光,不透明,不传导 2.难理解,晦涩
erudition: n.博学,博识,学问
 
古代文献语义上的晦涩难懂并非独特;即使在我们自己这个时代,诸多文献资料也是难以读解。

Although scientists claim that the seemingly----language of their reports is more precise than the figurative language of fiction, the language of science, like all language, is inherently----.

ornamental.. subtle
 unidimensional.. unintelligible
 symbolic.. complex
 literal.. allusive
 subjective.. metaphorical

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

seemingly: adv.表面上地,貌似地
figurative: a.比喻的,借喻的,象征的,采用修辞手段的,(文章)有文采的
inherently: adv.内在地,固有地
 
ornamental: a.装饰的,装饰性的,华丽的
unidimensional: a.1.一维(度)的 2.只涉及一个方面的
unintelligible: a.不可理解的,晦涩难懂的
symbolic: a.象征的,象征意义的,符号的
 
literal: a.逐字的,照字面的,非比喻的,刻板的
allusive: a.暗指的,暗示性的,间接提到的
metaphorical: a.隐喻的,比喻的
 
尽管科学家们声称,他们的科学报告那貌似朴实无华的语言要比小说采用的比喻性语言要来得更为精准,然则,科学语言,一如所有的语言那样,本质上都是暗示性的。

Literal一词的另几个应用

Ironically, the proper use of figurative language
must be based on the denotative meaning of the
words, because it is the failure to recognize this---
meaning that leads to mixed metaphors and their
attendant incongruity.
  (A) esoteric  
  (B) literal  
  (C) latent
  (D) allusive  
  (E) symbolic
6.【中文释义】具有滑稽意义的是,能否正确使用比喻句依赖于词汇的本体义,因为正是不能辨认这个本体义,才导致交叉纠缠的暗喻和意义的谬误。
【解题分析】由ironically可知denotative与figurative为反义词,由空格前的this可知空格应填denotative的同义词,因而是figurative的反义词,为literal. 这个词考过很多次了。
【重点词条】literal 1 a: according with the letter of the scriptures b: adhering to fact or to the ordinary construction or primary meaning of a term or expression: actual <liberty in the ~ sense is impossible --B. N. Cardozo> c: free from exaggeration or embellishment <the ~ truth> d: characterized by a concern mainly with facts <a very ~ man> 2: of, relating to, or expressed in letters 3: reproduced word for word: exact, verbatim <a ~ translation> -- lit.er.al.i.ty n -- lit.er.al.ness n 2literal n (1622): a small error usu. of a single letter (as in writing)
denote 1: to serve as an indication of: betoken <the swollen bellies that ~ starvation> 2: to serve as an arbitrary mark for <red flares denoting danger> 3: to make known: announce <his crestfallen look denoted his distress> 4 a: to serve as a linguistic expression of the notion of: mean b: to stand for: designate -- de.note.ment n
esoteric 1 a: designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone <a body of ~ legal doctrine --B. N. Cardozo> b: of or relating to knowledge that is restricted to a small group 2 a: limited to a small circle <~ pursuits> b: private, confidential <an ~ purpose> -- es.o.ter.i.cal.ly adv
latent present and capable of becoming though not now visible, obvious, or active <a ~ infection> -- la.tent.ly adv n (1923): a fingerprint (as at the scene of a crime) that is scarcely visible but can be developed for study
incongruous a: not harmonious: incompatible <~ colors> b: not conforming: disagreeing <conduct ~ with principle> c: inconsistent within itself <an ~ story> d: lacking propriety: unsuitable <~ manners> -- in.con.gru.ous.ly adv -- in.con.gru.ous.ness n


Johnson never----to ignore the standards of
decent conduct mandated by company policy if-
---compliance with instructions from his
superiors enabled him to do so, whatever the
effects on his subordinates.

 deigned.. tacit
 attempted.. halfhearted
 intended.. direct
 scrupled.. literal
 wished.. feigned

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

decent: a.1.合宜得体的 2.高雅严肃的,正派的
standard of conduct: n.行为标准,行为准则
mandate: v.1.把…委托别国管辖 2.批准,颁布
compliance with: n.1.遵从,依从 2.顺从,屈从
superior: n.1.上级,长官,长者 2.占优势者,优胜者
 
subordinate: n.部属,下级
deign: v.降低身份,屈尊,俯就,垂顾
tacit: a.1.缄默的 2.不言而喻的,默示的,不言明的
halfhearted: a.半心半意的,兴趣不大的,不热心的
 
scruple: v.(由于道德原因而感到)迟疑不安,踌躇,顾忌
literal: a.1.照字面的,刻板的,如实不夸张 2.只讲究实际的,缺乏想象力的
feigned: a.假装的,虚假的
 
约翰逊肆无忌惮时对公司政策所颁布的得体行为的标准置之不理,只要对上司命令如实刻板的遵从允许他这样做,不管这种行为对其下级有何影响。

euphemism
The First World War began in a context of
jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a
cloud of----as----as language and literature,
skillfully used, could make it.

 circumlocution.. literal
 cliche.. lucid
 euphemism.. impenetrable
 particularity.. deliberate
 subjectivity.. enthralling

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

jargon: n.1.胡言乱语,莫名奇妙的话 2.行话
verbal: a.1.用言辞的,文字上 2.口头的,非书面 3.一字不差的,逐字的
delicacy: 1.雅致,细微 2.微妙,棘手
circumlocution: n.迂回说法,累赘的话,遁辞
 
literal: a.1.照字面的,原义的 2.讲究实际的,刻板的 3.如实的,不夸张的
cliche: n.陈词滥用,陈腐的思想或主题
lucid: a.1.明晰的 2.神志清明的 3.清澈透明的
euphemism: n.委婉说法,委婉语
 
impenetrable: a.1.穿不透的 2.费解的,难以探测的 3.冥顽不化的
particularity: n.1.特殊性,特征 2.个性,癖性 3.详细,详尽,精细
deliberate: a.1.慎重的,深思熟虑的 2.敌意的,蓄意的 3.审慎的,谨慎的 4.从容的,悠闲的
 
subjectivity: n.主观,主观性
enthralling: a.迷人的,吸引人的
 
第一次世界大战始于一片闪烁其辞、隐约晦涩的言语,并在委婉语的雾霭中继续进行,其费解难懂的程度,唯有大事雕琢的语言和文献方能将其发挥到淋漓尽致的地步。

The modern age is a permissive one in which
things can be said explicitly, but the old
tradition of----dies hard.

 garrulousness
 exaggeration
 excoriation
 bombast
 euphemism
————————————————————————
答案:(E)

permissive: a.1.宽容的,放任的 2.放纵的 3.予以准许的
explicit: a.1.详述的,明确(晰)的 2.直言的,坦率的 3.显然可见的
die hard: v.1.(旧习惯、旧信仰等)难改掉,难消亡 2.顽固到底,难断气
garrulousness: n.1.饶舌,喋喋不休 2.罗唆冗长
 
exaggeration: n.1.夸大,夸张 2.夸大的事例,夸张的言词
excoriation: n.1.擦伤…皮肤,剥皮 2.严厉指责,痛骂
bombast: a.1.浮夸的言语(或文字),大话 2.(填制衣服用的)棉絮
euphemism: n.委婉说法,委婉(词)语
 
现代社会是一个宽松的社会,所想说的一切都可以不加掩饰、直截了当地道出,但委婉语这一古旧的传统却不易消亡。

The combination of ------and ------ in
Edmund's speech can be starting, especially
when he slyly slips in some juicy vulgarity
amid the mellifluous circumlocutions of a
gentleman of the old school.

 tact.. innocence
 raciness.. ribaldry
 piousness.. modesty
 elegance.. earthiness
 propriety.. bashfulness

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

starting: a.使人惊动的,触目惊心的
slyly: adv.1.狡猾地,狡诈地 2.躲躲闪闪地,偷偷摸摸地
slip in: v.(不惹人注意地)迅速放置,偷偷塞,悄悄给
juicy: a.1.多液汁的 2.多雨潮湿的 3.活力充沛的
    4.津津有味的,有趣的,刺激性的(尤指不健康的)
 
vulgarity: n.1.粗俗,粗鄙 2.粗野行为,粗俗语
mellifluous: a.1.加了蜜糖 2.甜美的,流畅的
circumlocution: n.迂回说法,累赘的话,遁辞
 
old school: n.(总)守旧派
tact: n.1.(古)触觉 2.老练,机智,圆滑,得体
innocence: n.1.清白,无罪 2.天真,单纯 3.无知,幼稚
raciness: n.1.保持原来的美味(香味) 2.活泼,充满活力
     3.(文章)生动,尖锐,泼辣 4.猬亵,挑逗
 
ribaldry: n.下流,下流的语言(笑话)
piousness: n.虔诚,敬神,虔奉宗教
earthiness: n.1.土质,土性 2.粗陋,朴实 (真是中外皆然)
propriety: n.1.适当,妥,得体,合宜 2.礼貌 3.礼仪,礼节
bashfulness: n.害羞,忸怩
 
在埃德蒙的言谈中,典雅与粗陋的掺杂混合真是让人惊诧不已,尤其是当他在旧派绅士甜美流畅的委婉语中,神不知鬼不觉地插入某些富于挑逗意味的粗俗之辞。

This final essay, its prevailing kindliness----by
occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks
the----character of the author.

 illuminated.. imperturbable
 marred.. dichotomous
 untainted.. vindictive
 exemplified.. chivalrous
 diluted.. ruthless

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

essay: n.1.论说文,散文,随笔 2.偿试,企图
prevailing:a.1.占优势的,主要的 2.盛行的,普遍的
kindness: n.1.仁慈,和蔼,友好 2.(气候等的)温和
 
flash: n.1.(思想等)闪现,突发 2.瞬间,刹那
savage: a.1.野蛮的,凶残的 2.粗鲁无礼的
bespeak: v.1.预定,预约 2.证明,表示,预示
illuminate: v.1.照明,照亮,照射 2.阐明,启迪 3.使容光焕发,使辉煌
 
imperturbable: a.不易活动的,沉着冷静的
mar: v.毁损,玷污
dichotomous: a.二分的
untainted: a.未受玷污的,清白无瑕的
vindictive: a.1.想复仇的,报复性的 2.怀恨的,恶意的 3.惩罚性的
 
exemplify: v.例示,是…的例证(典型等)
chivalrous: a.1.骑士的 2.侠义的,正直的,慷慨的 3.(对女人)殷勤的
dilute: v.1.稀释,使变淡 2.减轻,削弱
ruthless: a.1.冷酷无情的 2.坚定彻底的
 
这最后一篇文章,其总体上的友善由于偶尔闪露出来的粗鲁无礼的讥嘲而遭毁损。显示出作者的双重二分的性格。

Speakers and listeners arc often at odds: language
that is easy for the receiver to understand is often
difficult to -----,and that which is easily formulated
can be hard to ------

 estimate.. confirm
 transmit. defend
 produce.. comprehend
 suppress.. ignore
 remember.. forget

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

at odds: prep.争执,不一致,冲突
formulate: v.1.使公式化 2.系统地阐述 3.规划,构想出 4.配制,制定
transmit: v.1.传达,发送 2.使(光、热、声)透过,传导 3.留传,遗传
  4.发射 5.传播
suppress: v.1.压制,镇压,禁止,废止 2.禁止发表,禁止披露,查禁 3.抑制,忍受
 
说者与听者常常处于矛盾之中:对于听者易于理解的语言常难以产生出来,而那种容易阐述的语言却难以被人理解。


语言史
Linguists have now confirmed what experienced users of
ASL—American Sign Language—have always implicitly known: ASL
is a grammatically ------- language in that it is capable of
expressing every possible syntactic relation.

limited
economical
complete
shifting
abstract

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

linguist: n.语言学家,通晓数国语言的人
American Sign Language: n.(专为聋哑人设计的)北美式手势语
implicit: a.含蓄的,不言明的 2.内在的,固有的 3.无疑问的,无保留的,绝对的
syntactic: a.句法的
 
economical: a.经济的,节约的,省俭的
shifting: a.变化的,更换的
abstract: a.1.抽象的 2.难解的,深奥的 3.纯理论的,不实际的4.空想的
 
 语言学家们现在已证实了ASL--北美式手势语--的熟练使用者们在内心深处所一贯隐约熟知的:ASL是一种语法上完备的语言,因为它能表达每一种有可能的句法关系.

Word order in a sentence was much freer in Old French
than it is in French today, this _______disappeared as the
French language gradually lost its case distinctions.

 restriction
 license
 similarity
 rigidity
 imperative

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

case: n.[语法]格(如主格,宾语,所有格等)
distinction: n.1.区分,差异,与众不同 2.殊荣,荣誉,著名
licenseL: n.1.(艺术创作的)破格,不拘一格 2.放纵,淫荡
rigidity: n.死板,僵化
imperative: n.1.紧近的事,必要性 2.命令,规则
 
句子中的词序在古法语中较之在现代法语中要来得自由得多,但这种破格情形随着法语逐渐失去其格的区分而消失殆尽.

Case:格

词性词义辨析
Because time in India is conceived statically
rather than dynamically, Indian languages
emphasize nouns rather than verbs, since nouns
express the more ---- aspects of a thing.

 paradoxical
 prevalent
 temporal
 successive
 stable.

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

Because they had various meanings in
nineteenth-century biological thought,
"mechanism" and "vitalism" ought not to be
considered----terms; thus, I find the recent
insistence that the terms had single definitions
to be entirely----.

 univocal.. erroneous
 problematic.. anachronistic
 intractable.. obtuse
 congruent.. suspect
 multifaceted.. vapid

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

univocal: a.只有一个意义的,单义的;只有一种解释的;无歧义的
anachronistic: a.时代错误的,年代误植的;落伍过时的
intractable: a.1.难驾御的;棘手的;倔强的 2.难操作的
obtuse: a.1.钝的 2.迟钝的,愚钝的
 
congruent: a.一致的;适合的;和谐的
suspect: a.可疑的,不足信的
multifaceted: a.1.(钻石等)多刻面的 2.多方面的,多才多艺的
vapid: a.1.乏味的,无滋味的 2.无趣味的,枯燥的
 
由于它们在十八世纪的生物学思想中具有多种不同的含义,因此,“mechanism”和“vitalism”不应被视作单义的词语;因此,在我看来,人们最近坚持认为这两个词语仅有单一的定义,这是全然谬误的。

巧妙的运用语言,隐喻
Amid the collapsing or out-of-control
mechanical devices, the belching volcano had a
disturbingly---- quality, like a character who
has stumbled onstage by mistake.

 anomalous
 overwrought
 obdurate
 ephemeral
 derelict

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

out-of-control: a.失控的
belch: v.1.嗳气,打嗝 2.吐出,喷出,喷射
character: n.(文艺作品)人物,角色,演员
stumble: v.1.绊脚,绊跌,绊倒 2.蹒跚而行 3.结结巴巴地说话 4.失足,犯错误
anomalous: a.1.反常的,异常的,不规则的,例外的 2.不协调的,不一致的,不恰当的
overwrought: a.1.过于劳累的 2.过度激动(兴奋,紧张)的 3.表面有装饰的
 4.(文体)过于细腻的,矫揉造作的
obdurate: a.1.顽固的,顽固不化的 2.冷酷无情的 3.执拗的,倔强的
ephemeral: a.1.极短的,短暂的,只生存一天的 2.(疾病)一日即愈的,短暂的
 3.(昆虫或植物)短生的,短命的
derelict: a.1.被抛弃的,被遗弃的,(因被抛弃而)破败的,无主的
 
在那些正在不断倾塌或业已失控的机械装置中间,那座猛烈喷发的火山具有一种令人不安的异常性质,仿佛就像一位戏剧演员,出于阴差阳错,跌跌绊绊地冒失登台了。


Ultimately, the book's credibility is strained;
the slender, though far from -----, web of
evidence presented on one salient point is
expected to support a vast ---- of implications.

 unconvincing.. cacophony
 nonexistent.. superstructure
 indispensable.. array
 intricate.. network
 imposing.. compendium

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

ultimately: adv.最后,最终,终于
credibility: n.可靠性,可信性
strain: v.1.拉紧,使紧张 2.使损伤,使损坏,使变弱 3.超越…之所及,使变勉强,使变困难
slender: a.1.苗条的,修长的,纤细的 2.微薄的,不足的,微弱(小)的
web: n.网,丝,网状物,网状组织
salient: a.显著的,特出的
implication: n.1.牵连,涉及,卷入 2.含意,含蓄 3.暗示,暗指 4.蕴涵
cacophony: n.刺耳的声音,不和谐音,不谐调音
superstructure: n.上部结构,上部建筑,上层建筑
indispensable: a.必不可少的,必需要,责无旁贷的
array: n.1.排列,队形,编队 2.军队,民兵(部队) 3.衣服,盛装
intricate: a.错综复杂的,难理解的,难分析的
imposing: a.壮观的,气势雄伟的,庄严的,不凡的,给人深刻印象的
compendium: n.1.手册 2.概要,概略,纲要,简编 3.目录,清单
最终而言,此书的可信度显得极为勉强;在某个明显的要点上所呈示的微弱的——虽然远非不存在的——证据之网被指望去支持一个庞大的隐晦内涵的上层结构。


2文学评论
评论具体作品
对作品主要关心它的主题themes(是否熟悉familiar,provincial or international, 完整integrating),结构structure/framework(是否松散或僵硬),形式与内容(form and content)是脱节还是吻合,风格(style)及其可信度(credibility)
theme
Though some of the information the author
reveals about Russian life might surprise
Americans, her major themes are---- enough.

 familiar
 thorough
 vital
 original
 interesting

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

theme: n.1.题目,主题 2.(文学作品的)主题,主题思想 3.作文,论文
vital: a.1.(有)生命的,维持生命所必需的 2.充满生机的
   3.必不可少的,极其重要的
  
尽管作者所揭示的有关俄罗斯生活的某些见闻有可能令美国人吃惊,但她的那些重要的主题却是人们所相当熟稔的。

This poetry is not -------; it is more likely to appeal to
an international audience than is poetry with strictly
regional themes.

familiar
 democratic
 technical
complex
 provincial

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

appeal to: v.1.有感染力,有吸引力 2.求助于,诉诸于
theme: n.题目,主题,主题思想
democratic: a.1.民主的,民主政治的 2.平民大众的
provincial: a.1.乡气的,粗野的,地方性的,偏狭的 2.相互平常的
  
 这种诗歌不带有地方色彩;比之于单纯以地方性主题创作的诗歌,它或许更能吸引和感染国际读者.

Before the Second World War, academics still questioned
whether the body of literature produced in the United
States truly ------- a ------- literature, or whether
such literature was only a provincial branch of English
literature.

 symbolized.. local
 constituted.. national
 defined.. historical
 outlined.. good
 captured.. meaningful

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

academic: n.1.大学生,大学教师 2.学者,学会会员
provincial: a.1.狭隘的,地方性的 2.外省的,外地的
symbolize: v.象征,标志
 
第二次世界大战之前,学者们依然感到疑惑,即在美国创作的全部文学作品是否真正能构成一种民族文学,抑或这种文学只能算作英国文学的一个地方性分支。

To list Reilly's achievements in a fragmentary
way is----, for it distracts our attention from the-
---themes of her work.

 unproductive.. disparate
 misleading.. integrating
 pragmatic.. comprehensive
 logical.. important
 inevitable.. unsetting

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

fragmentary: a.1.片断的,破碎的 2.不完整的,不连续的
distract: v.1.使转变(向) 2.转移(注意力),分散(心理) 3.使混乱
unproductive: a.1.不生产的,生产不多的,不丰饶的,无利可得的
  2.非生产性的 3.无成效的,徒劳的
  
disparate: a.全异的,异类的,不相干的
misleading: a.1.使人产生误解的,导致错误结论的 2.引入歧途的
integrating: a.1.结合的,合并的 2.完整的,整合的
pragmatic: a.1.讲究实际的,重实效的 2.实用主义的
 
comprehensive: a.1.广泛的,综合的 2.理解的,有(广泛)理解力的
 3.(学校)综合的
unsettling: v.令人不安的,扰乱的,使困窘的
 
以某种支离破碎的方式来列举莱莉的成就易于产生误导作用,因为这样做会使我们的注意力从她的那些完整的主题上分散开去。

题材匮乏
4. Despite its ---, the book deals---with a number of
  crucial issues.
  (A) optimism .. cursorily
  (B) importance .. needlessly
  (C) virtues .. inadequately
  (D) novelty .. strangely
  (E) completeness .. thoroughly
4.【中文释义】尽管它有优点,但是这本书很不充分地解决许多重要的问题。,
【解题分析】前后构成转折,名词和形容词需要构成反义词,将名词转化为形容词考虑,c正确。
【重点词条】cursorily rapidly and often superficially performed or produced: hasty <a ~ glance> syn see superficial -- cur.so.ri.ly adv -- cur.so.ri.ness n
inadequately (这种不合适有不足的意思,且deals inadequately with something不是指因为写了什么而不合适,而是说写这些东西方式不合式,写得不够。): Not adequate to fulfill a need or meet a requirement; insufficient.
 不充分的没有足够的能力来实现某种需求或达到某种要求的;不足的


Structure/ framework
It is puzzling to observe that Jones's novel has
recently been criticized for its----structure,
since commentators have traditionally argued
that its most obvious----is its relentlessly rigid,
indeed schematic, framework.

 attention to.. preoccupation
 speculation about.. characteristic
 parody of.. disparity
 violation of.. contradiction
 lack of.. flaw

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

puzzling: a.令人困惑的,把人难住的
commentator: n.评论者,评说者
relentlessly: adv.1.冷酷无情地,无慈悲心地 2.持续不断地,不屈不挠地
schematic: a.1.图表的,图式的 2.(按照)先验图式的
framework: n.1.构架 2.结构,体系 3.参照标准
preoccupation: n.1.抢先占有 2.全神贯注,入神 3.先入之见,成见
speculation: n.1.沉思 2.推测,猜想 3.投机 4.(哲)思辩
parody: n.1.模仿诗文 2.拙劣的模仿,滑稽的模仿
disparity: n.差异,不一致,悬殊
contradiction: n.1.否认,反驳 2.矛盾,自相矛盾的说法,对立,抵触行为
我们不无困惑地发现,琼斯的小说由于缺乏结构而在最近受到批评,因为评论家们传统上一贯指出,其小说最显著的缺陷就在于它那过份僵化的、甚至是图式化的架构。

French folktales almost always take place
within the basic----that correspond to the----
setting of peasant life: on the one hand, the
household and village on the other, the open
road.

 contexts.. hierarchical
 structures.. personal
 frameworks.. dual
 chronologies.. generic
 narratives.. ambivalent

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

folktale: n.民间故事
correspond to: v.1.与…相符合,与…相配称 2.相当于,对应于
setting: n.(舞台)布景,(小说等)背景
hierarchical: a.1.等级制度的,等级森严的 2.僧侣统治的
 
framework:n.1.构架,框架 2.结构,体系 3.参照标准
dual: a.二元的,双重的
chronology: n.1.年代学 2.年表
generic: a.1.属的,类的 2.一般的,普通的,通用的
narrative: n.1.记叙文,故事 2.叙述,讲述
ambivalent: a.有矛盾情绪的,(态度等)矛盾的,模棱两可的
 
法国民间故事几乎毫无例外地发生在这样一种基本框架内,这一框架与农民生活的双重背景相呼应:一方面为家庭与村庄,另一方面则是露天的道路。

form and content的关系
An analysis of the ideas in the novel compels
an analysis of the form of the work,
particularly when form and content are as ----
as they are in The House of the Seven Gables.

 symptomatic
 delineated
 integrated
 conspicuous
 distinctive

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

compel: v.1.强迫,使不得不;迫使屈服 2.强制获得
symptomatic: a.1.(有)证状的;征候的;征兆的 2.有代表性的;表明…的
delineate: v.1.描出…的外形,勾勒…的轮廓 2.用线条画,描绘 3.叙述,描写
integrated: a.完整的;完全的;综合的,结合的,一体化的
conspicuous: a.1.明显的,显著的,惹人注目的 2.(服饰等)过分花哨的,触目的
distinctive: a.1.区别性的,鉴别性的 2.有特色的,与众不同的
对The House of Seven Gables这部小说思想的分析迫使人们不得不对此作品的形式作出一番分析,尤其是当形式和内容在该小说中显得如此的密不可分。

这句话适合于送给GRE的初学者,虽然结构sentence structure很convoluted,GRE的ideas不过so so。
A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that
sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the
structure, the more ------- the ideas.

complicated
inconsequential
elementary
 fanciful
 blatant

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

misconception: n.误解,错误想法
novice: n.新手,初学者
mirror: v.反映,折射出
convoluted: a.1.盘绕卷曲的,回旋的 2.错综复杂的
inconsequential: a. 1.微不足道的,细琐的 2.不连贯的,离题
fanciful: a.z幻想的,异想天开的
blatant: a.1.喧闹吵嚷的 2.炫耀的,俗丽的
 
 浅尝写作的人经常持有这样一种误解,即句子结构反映着思想:句子结构愈是错综复杂,思想便愈显深奥隐晦.

prose style
风格模仿
obvious风格容易模仿,complex and subtle风格就很难套公式;
刻意的模仿叫affect,见贤思齐叫emulate

####
An obvious style, easily identified by some superficial
quirk, is properly_____ as a mere mannerism, whereas a
complex and subtle style_____ reduction to a formula.

 avoided.. risks
 decried.. resists
 prized.. withstands
 identified ..consists of
 cultivated.. demands

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

identify: v.1.认出,识别,确定 2.认为...等同于(with) 3.使参与,使支持(with)
quirk: n.1.怪癖 2.俏皮话,遁辞,模棱两可 3.突发事件,形势的急转
mannerism: n.1.对独特风格的过分模仿(或偏爱),矫揉造作 2.习作,怪癖
 3.(艺术)风格主义
formula: n.1.俗套(话) 2.惯便,常规,程式
decry: v.1.反对,谴责 2.诋毁
 
superficial: a.1.面的,平方的 2.表面的,外部的
 3.表面性的,草率的,粗略的 4.肤浅的
prize: v.1.重视,珍视 2.估价,评价
withstand: v.经受,承受,顶住,抵住
 
 一种明显的风格,凭着其某种肤浅的怪谲手法即可轻而易举地予以识别出来.对于此类风格,人们可恰当地将其视作一种纯粹的矫揉造作而予以指谪;相干反,对于一种复杂而微妙的风格,即断难将其缩略成为固定的程式.

In response to the follies of today's commercial and
political worlds, the author does not ------- inflamed
indignation, but rather ------- the detachment and smooth
aphoristic prose of an eighteenth-century wit.

display.. rails at
rely on.. avoids
suppress.. clings to
express.. affects
resort to.. spurns

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

in response to: prep.作为对...的答复,作为对...的反应
inflamed: a.极度激动的,愤怒的,加剧的
indignation: n.愤怒,愤慨
detachment: n.1.拆卸,分离 2.派遣 3.超脱,公正,不偏不倚
aphoristic: a.格言(似)的,警句(式)
 
prose: n.1.散文(体) 2.平凡,乏味
wit: n.智者,才子,哲人
rail at: v.1.(突然)袭击 2.侵吞 3.动掠,攫取,挖取
cling to: v.1.缠着,紧紧抓住 2.坚持,墨守
affect: v.模仿,喜欢采用,(故作姿态地)修习,培养
resort to: v.求助,凭借,彩,诉诸
spurn: v.1.践踏 2.轻蔑地拒绝,唾弃
 
 针对当今世界中商界和政界的愚味,作者并没有表达一种过激的愤怒,而是仿效某位十八世纪智者那种超然冷静和舒缓的,警句格言式的散文体.

However _____ they might be, Roman poets were bound
to have some favorite earlier author whom they would
_____

 subservient.. imitate
 independent .. inspire
 original.. emulate
 creative.. admire
 talented.. neglect

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

be bound to: v.注定要,必然会
subservient: a.屈从的,恭顺的,府首贴耳的
emulate: v.1.努力赶超,与…竞争 2.仿效,模仿
 
不管罗马诗人们新颖独创到何种地步,他们必定会有一些他们所钟爱的早期作家予以仿效。

Rousseau's short discourse, a work that was
generally ---- the cautious, unadorned prose
of the day, deviated from that prose style in
its ---- discussion of the physical sciences.

 critical of .. lengthy
 superior to .. austere
 bolder than .. intelligent
 consistent with .. unrestrained
 influenced by .. uninspired

————————————————————————
答案:(D)
generally 文学评论也讲求标新立异
discourse: n.1.论文 2.演讲,讲道 3.谈话,交谈
cautious: a.谨慎的,十分小心的
unadorned: a.未经装饰的,朴素的
deviate(from): v.背离,偏离
prose: n.1.散文,白话,散文体 2.平凡,乏味,无聊
superior (to): a.较高的,较好的,优越于…,优于…
bold: a.1.勇敢无畏的 2.显示勇气胆识的 3.冒失的 4.无拘无束的
unrestrained: a.1.未克制的 2.不受控制约束的,无拘束的,放纵的 3.自发的,自然的,从容的
uninspired: a.未得灵感启发的,缺乏创见的,单调乏味的,没有生气的
罗梭的短篇著述,此类作品一般而言与那一时代审慎的、不事雕琢的散文如出一辙,但在对自然学科恣意洒脱的探讨方面,却与那种文风大相径庭。

语言
Because early United States writers thought that
the mark of great literature was grandiosity and
elegance not to be found in common speech,
they ---- the vernacular.

 dissected
 avoided
 misunderstood
 investigated
 exploited

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

grandiosity: n.宏伟,壮丽,华丽
vernacular: n.1.本族语,本地语,方言 2.日常用语,通俗语,白话 3.行话,术语
exploit: v.开发,开采,开拓,利用
 
由于早期的美国作家认为,优秀文学的标志是普通语言中所无法寻找到那种华丽与典雅,所以他们力避日常用语。呵呵,特点是常卖弄几个法语词汇

credibility
Literature is inevitably a ------ rather than -------
medium for the simple reason that writers interpose their
own vision between the reader and reality.

distorting.. a neutral
transparent.. an opaque
colorful.. a drab
flawless. .an inexact
flexible. a rigid

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

medium: n.1.媒质,媒介物 2.手段,工具,方法
interpose: v.使插入,使干预
distorting: a.歪曲的,变形的,曲解的
opaque: a.不透明的,晦涩难懂的
drab: a.1.黄褐色的 2.单调乏味的,换生产的
 
 文学不可避免地是一种曲解的而非不偏不倚的媒介物,原因很简单,因为作家们会在读者与现实之间插入其自己的视点.所以必须学会辨识其credibility

真的
It is to the novelist's credit that all of the episodes
in her novel are presented realistically, without
any----or playful supernatural tricks.

 elucidation
 discrimination
 artlessness
 authenticity
 whimsy

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

to sb's crdeit: prep.为某人带来荣誉,归功于某人
episode: n.(文艺作品)插曲,片断,一连串的事件
realistically: adv.1.现实地,注重实际地 2.逼真地,现实主义的,真实地
playful: a.1.嬉戏的,顽皮的 2.闹着玩的,不当真的,不严肃的
 
supernatural: a.1.超自然的 2.神的,妖魔鬼怪的
elucidation: n.阐明,解释,澄清
discrimination: n.1.区别,辨别 2.鉴别能力 3.差别对待,歧视
artlessness: n.单纯,天真,自然,不矫揉造作
authenticity: n.可靠性,真实性
whimsy: n.1.怪念头,离奇的想法(东西) 2.心血来潮,随心所欲,异想天开
 
小说中所有的片断均以真实的手法予以描绘,毫无怪诞不经或任何不严肃的超自然花招,凡此一些均应归功于小说家的努力。

The pungent verbal give-and-take among the characters
makes the novel ------ reading, and this very -------
suggests to me that some of the opinions voiced may be
the author's.

disturbing.. flatness
tedious.. inventiveness
lively.. spiritedness
necessary.. steadiness
rewarding.. frivolousness

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

pungent: a.1.有刺激性的,辣的 2.辛辣的,尖刻的,尖锐的 3.敏锐的,机智的 4.
强烈的
verbal: a.1.言辞的,文字的 2.口头的,非书面的 3.逐字的
give-and-take: n.1.公平交易,互让互谅 2.交谈
spirited: a.精神饱满的,生气勃勃,活泼的
rewarding: a.给予报偿的,有益的,值得的
frivolousness: n.1.轻薄,轻浮 2.琐屑,无意义
 
人物之间机智敏锐的言语交谈使得这部小说读上去生动轻快,正是这种活泼性向我表明,所表述的某些观点很有可能是作者本人的。

假的
Ultimately, the book's credibility is strained;
the slender, though far from -----, web of
evidence presented on one salient point is
expected to support a vast ---- of implications.

 unconvincing.. cacophony
 nonexistent.. superstructure
 indispensable.. array
 intricate.. network
 imposing.. compendium

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

ultimately: adv.最后,最终,终于
credibility: n.可靠性,可信性
strain: v.1.拉紧,使紧张 2.使损伤,使损坏,使变弱 3.超越…之所及,使变勉强,
 使变困难
slender: a.1.苗条的,修长的,纤细的 2.微薄的,不足的,微弱(小)的
web: n.网,丝,网状物,网状组织
salient: a.显著的,特出的
implication: n.1.牵连,涉及,卷入 2.含意,含蓄 3.暗示,暗指 4.蕴涵
cacophony: n.刺耳的声音,不和谐音,不谐调音
superstructure: n.上部结构,上部建筑,上层建筑
indispensable: a.必不可少的,必需要,责无旁贷的
array: n.1.排列,队形,编队 2.军队,民兵(部队) 3.衣服,盛装
intricate: a.错综复杂的,难理解的,难分析的
imposing: a.壮观的,气势雄伟的,庄严的,不凡的,给人深刻印象的
compendium: n.1.手册 2.概要,概略,纲要,简编 3.目录,清单
最终而言,此书的可信度显得极为勉强;在某个明显的要点上所呈示的微弱的——虽然远非不存在的——证据之网被指望去支持一个庞大的隐晦内涵的上层结构。

In their preface, the collection's editors plead that
certain of the important articles they --------- were
published too recently for inclusion, but in the case
of many such articles, this ------- is not valid.

discussed.. replacement
omitted.. excuse
revised.. clarification
disparaged.. justification
ignored.. endorsement

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

preface: n.序言,前言,开场白
plead: v.1.提出...为理由(或借口),为...辩护 2.恳求
in the case of: prep.至于...,就...来说,在...情形中
clarification: n.澄清,阐明
disparage: v.1.贬低,轻视 2.诋毁,损害...的名声
justification: n.1.证明为正当,辩解 2.正当的理由,借口,辩护的理由
endorsement: n.1.背书,票据签字 2.签署,批注 3.赞同,支持,认可,担保
 
 在其序言中,文集的编辑们申辩道,他们所疏忽的某些重要文章,只因为新近才发表,故无法被囊括在内;但在许多这类文章的情形中,这种辩解是站不住脚的.

The author of this book----overlooks or
minimizes some of the problems and
shortcomings in otherwise highly successful
foreign industries in order to ----the points on
which they excel and on which we might try to
emulate them.

 accidentally.. exaggerate
 purposely.. emphasize
 occasionally.. counterbalance
 intentionally.. confuse
 cleverly.. compound

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

overlook: v.1.忽视(略) 2.宽恕 3.眺望 4.细察
minimize: v.1.使缩减到最低程度 2.把…说成极不重要,作最低估计,极度轻视(贬低)
otherwise: adv.1.别样,以另外方式 2.除此之外,在其他方面了,不然
 
excel: v.1.胜过,优于 2.擅长(in, at)
emulate: v.1.努力赶超,与…竞赛(争) 2.仿效,模仿
accidentally: adv.1.意外地,偶然地 2.次要地,附带地,附属地
exaggerate: v.1.夸张(大),对…言过其实 2.使增大,使扩大,使过大
 
counterbalance: v.1.平(抗、均)衡 2.抵消
intentionally: adv.有意地,故意地
compound: v.1.使复合,组合,合成 2.(通过互让)调解争端,了结
 
本书作者故意忽略或轻描淡写那些在其他方面极为成功的外国工业中所存在的某些问题和缺点,以便强调它们所擅长的以及值得我们竭力加以仿效的那些方面。

It is disappointing to note that the latest edition of
the bibliography belies its long-standing reputation
for ---- by ---- some significant references to
recent publications.
(A) imprecision.. appropriating
(B) relevance.. adding
(C) timeliness.. updating
(D) meticulousness.. revising
(E) exhaustiveness.. omitting
【中文释义】

令人失望的是,这个最新版的文献目录辜负了它长期的大全的声誉,因为它遗漏了一些有关最新出版物的条目。

【解题分析】

又是一道现在的动作证明了过去的某声誉为假的老题,类似的题目出现在科学家身上(No.8 section3 3rd), 出现在文学评论家身上(93年10月section5 7th), 现在又到了文献目录学身上。我很同情ETS, 他已经很难玩出什么新花样了。本题中第二空格是伤害过去声誉的动作,a和e侯选,又需要时间对比前后反义词,e正确。

关于reputation此词在天空题中出现近十次, 各行各业的人都有, 名实相符有几个enhancing,名不副实更多belie .
【重点词条】

imprecise not precise: inexact, vague -- im.pre.cise.ly adv -- im.pre.cise.ness n -- im.pre.ci.sion n

relevance 1 a: relation to the matter at hand b: practical and esp. social applicability: pertinence <giving ~ to college courses> 2: the ability (as of an information retrieval system) to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user

timeliness 1time.ly adv (bef. 12c) 1 archaic: early, soon 2: in time: opportunely <the question was not ... ~ raised in the state court --W. O. Douglas> 2timely adj time.li.er ; -est (13c) 1: coming early or at the right time: opportune 2: appropriate or adapted to the times or the occasion <a ~ book> -- time.li.ness n

meticulousness : marked by extreme or excessive care in the consideration or treatment of details syn see careful -- me.tic.u.los.i.ty n -- me.tic.u.lous.ly adv -- me.tic.u.lous.ness n

exhaustiveness : testing all possibilities or considering all elements: thorough <conducted an ~ investigation> -- ex.haus.tive.ly adv -- ex.haus.tive.ness n -- ex.haus.tiv.i.ty n

真假难辨:
The challenge of interpreting fictional works written
under politically repressive regimes lies in distin-
guishing what is ---- to an author's beliefs, as
opposed to what is ---- by political coercion.
(A) innate.. understood
(B) organic.. imposed
(C) contradictory.. conveyed
(D) oblique.. captured
(E) peripheral.. demanded
.【正确答案】B

【中文释义】诠释在政治压迫政体下写作而成的小说的挑战存在于区分哪些是作者的信仰本身固有的部分,与之对立的是哪些是由政治压力所强加的部分。

【解题分析】由第二个空格后的by短语可轻松得知空格的动词应为coerce。五个选项中与coerce同义的是B。答案E的demanded也可勉强入选。再结合第一个空格判断,organic和peripheral为反义词,正确的为organic,因为两个what从句之间又为对比关系。B正确地表达了这个关系,故正确答案为B。

【重点词条】

innate 1: existing in, belonging to, or determined by factors present in an individual from birth: native, inborn <~ behavior> 2: belonging to the essential nature of something: inherent 3: originating in or derived from the mind or the constitution of the intellect rather than from experience -- in.nate.ly adv -- in.nate.ness n

syn innate, inborn, inbred, congenital, hereditary mean not acquired after birth. innate applies to qualities or characteristics that are part of one's inner essential nature <an innate sense of fair play>. inborn suggests a quality or tendency either actually present at birth or so marked and deep-seated as to seem so <her inborn love of nature>. inbred suggests something either acquired from parents by heredity or so deeply rooted and ingrained as to seem acquired in that way <inbred political loyalties>. congenital and hereditary refer to what is acquired before or at birth, the former applying to things acquired during fetal development and the latter applying to things transmitted from one's ancestors <a congenital heart condition> <eye color is hereditary>.

oblique 1 a: neither perpendicular nor parallel: inclined b: having the axis not perpendicular to the base <an ~ cone> c: having no right angle <an ~ triangle> 2 a: not straightforward: indirect; also: obscure b: devious, underhanded 3: situated obliquely and having one end not inserted on bone <~ muscles> 4: taken from an airplane with the camera directed horizontally or diagonally downward <an ~ photograph> -- oblique.ly adv -- oblique.ness n 2oblique n (ca. 1608) 1: something (as a line) that is oblique 2: any of several oblique muscles; esp: any of the thin flat muscles forming the middle and outer layers of the lateral walls of the abdomen 3oblique adv (1667): at a 45 degree angle <to the right ~, march>

peripheral 1: of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part 2: of, relating to, or being part of the peripheral nervous system <~ nerves> 3: of, relating to, or being the outer part of the field of vision <good ~ vision> 4: auxiliary, supplementary <~ equipment>; also: of or relating to computer peripherals -- pe.riph.er.al.ly adv 2peripheral n (1966): a device connected to a computer to provide communication (as input and output) or auxiliary functions (as additional storage)

传记评论
回忆录似乎总强调阅历造人
Ambrose Blerce's biographers agree that the
Civil War was the central experience of his life,
the event to which be constantly returned and
the ---- that brought some ---- to the hitherto
random pattern of his youth.

 ordeal.. coherence
 interruption.. continuity
 climax.. confusion
 escape.. diversion
 hiatus.. rigidity

————————————————————————
答案:(A)
bring...to...有点久旱逢甘雨的味道,表示了一种反义。
biographer: n.传记作者
hitherto: adv.迄今为止,直到那时为止
random: a.1.胡乱的,任意的,无规则的 2.不受管束的 3.随机的
ordeal: n.苦难经历,折磨,煎熬
coherence: n.1.黏合(性) 2.一致(性),协调 3.连贯性,前后一致,(文章)条
理清楚,紧凑
climax: n.1.顶点,极点 2.最令人兴奋的部分,(戏剧)高潮 3.决定性的行为
diversion: n.1.转移,转向 2.消遣,娱乐
hiatus: n.1.裂口,空隙 2.(稿件)脱字,漏句 3.间歇,间断
rigidity: n.1.刚性,坚硬 2.严格(厉),死反 3.僵硬(化)
 
安布罗斯·比尔斯的传记作者们一致认为,内战是其至关重要的人生经验,他曾反复多次回顾这次事件,也正是这段艰难的经历给他迄今为止紊乱无绪的青年生活带来了某种程度上的连贯性。


Charlotte Salomon's biography is a reminder
that the currents of private life, however
diverted, dislodged, or twisted by ----public
events, retain their hold on the----recording
them.

 transitory.. culture
 dramatic.. majority
 overpowering.. individual
 conventional.. audience
 relentless.. institution

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

biography: n.传记
reminder: n.1.提醒者 2.提示,起到提醒作用的东西
current of life: n.人生方向,人生轨迹,人生历程
 
divert: v.使转向,转移,使(河流)改道
dislodge: v.(从固定位置上)强行去除(移动,取出),
  (从躲藏处)把…逐出,离开原位
  
hold(on): n.掌握,控制,约束,影响
transitory: a.短暂的,片刻的,昙花一现的,无常的
overpowering: a.令人无以忍受的,压倒一切的
conventional: a.1.习惯的,常例的 2.普通的,常见的
     3.(符合)传统的,因袭的,陈腐的
relentless: a.1.残酷的,无情的 2.不间断的,不屈不挠的
 
夏洛特·萨洛蒙的传记构成了某种醒示物,它提醒我们,个人生活之趋向,不管任何种程度上被势不可挡的社会事件所改变、冲击或扭曲,依然会对记录它们的个人存有影响。

Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as
having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having -------
the conflicting elements of her life.

affirmed
highlighted
reconciled
confined
identified

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

memoir: n.传记,回忆录
present...as...: a.1.作为...赠予(或呈献) 2.表现为...,描述成...
highlight: v.使显著,突出,强调
reconcile: v.调和,使一致
confine: v.1.限制,使局限于 2.幽禁,禁闭
 
 埃迪丝.沃顿在其回忆录中力图将自己描绘成这样一个人:通过调和其生活中各种矛盾对立的因素,她已获得了一种和谐的完整.

出版时机
The impact of a recently published collection
of essays, written during and about the last
presidential campaign, is lessened by its
timing; it comes too late to affect us with
its ---- and too soon for us to read it out of
historical----.

 foresight.. anxiety
 research .. consistency
 assuredness.. skepticism
 immediacy.. curiosity
 veracity.. respect

————————————————————————
答案:(D)
immediacy and curiosity
评论作家
马后炮
contemporaries 一般意识不到价值,往往要留于后人去评说
Walpole's art collection was huge and
fascinating, and his novel The Castle of Otranto
was never out of print; none of this mattered to
the Victorians, who----him as, at best, ----.

 dismissed.. insignificant
 judged.. worthwhile
 revered.. talented
 reviled.. meager
 taunted.. dangerous

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

matter: v.要紧,有关系,对…重要
dismiss: v.1.解散,遣散 2.解雇,开除 3.不再考虑,拒绝考虑,不接受,抛弃
worthwhile: a.1.值得的,值得做的 2.有真实价值的
revere: v.尊敬,崇敬
 
revile: v.辱骂,痛斥
meager: a.1.质量差的,粗劣的,不足的 2.瘦的 3.(文学作品,思想等)不丰富的,不详尽的,枯竭的
taunt: n.嘲笑,奚落
 
沃尔浦尔的艺术收藏规模宏大且引人入胜,而他的小说《奥特朗托城堡》也从未停止过印行;但所有这一切对于维多利亚时代的人来说均无关宏旨,他们对其不屑不顾,充其量也只是将他视作无足轻重。

Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen's novels has oscillated
between ------- and condescension; but in general later
writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of
her literary --------

dismissal.. admirers
adoration.. contemporaries
disapproval.. readers
indifference.. followers
approbation.. precursors

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

oscillate: v.1.摆动 2.犹豫,动摇,波动
condescension: n.1.俯就,屈尊 2.傲慢,恩赐态度
esteem: v.1.尊重,敬重 2.把...视作 3.评估
dismissal: n.1.解散,打发走 2.解职,解雇,开除,撤职 3.不予考虑 4.驳回诉讼
 
adoration: n.崇拜,敬爱,倾慕
disapproval: n.1.不赞成,反对,非难,不喜欢,不准许
indifference: n.1.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,汪计较 2.不偏不倚,中立
 3.无关紧要 4.平庸
approbation: n.批准,满意,赞同
precursor: n.1.先驱,先锋 2.先兆 3.前辈,前身
 
自从1813年以来,人们对简.奥斯汀小说的反应在崇拜和轻慢两种态度之间摆动,但一般而言,后世的作家们,比之于她的绝大多数文学同代人,对其作品推崇的程度要来得更高.


Although the passage of years has softened the initially
hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few
independent observers ------- his works.

 praise
 revile
 scrutinize
criticize
 neglect

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

passage: n.(时间的)消逝,推移
soften: v.1.使变软,使软化,使缓和 2.使变暗,使变轻,使变淡 3.减轻,削弱
hostile: a.1.敌方的 2.怀敌意的,不友善的,不利的
revile: v.辱骂,痛斥
scrutinize: v.详细检查(观察),细看
 
 尽管多年的岁月流逝已减缓了最初人们对他诗歌充满敌意的反应,但即使在目前,只有为数不多的独立观察家赞誉他的作品.
马屁
Poe's ------- reviews of contemporary fiction, which often
find great merit in otherwise ------ literary gems, must
make us respect his critical judgment in addition to his
well-known literary talent.

thorough.. completed
petulant.. unpopular
insightful.. unappreciated
enthusiastic.. acclaimed
harsh.. undeserving

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

merit: n.1.长处,优点,价值 2.功绩,功劳 3.功德,荣誉
otherwise: adv.在其它方面,除此以外,以另外方式,原本
gem: n.1.宝石 2.宝物,精品,精华 似乎并不像钱说得有璞玉之意
petulant: a.1.任性的,脾气坏的 2.粗野的
 
insightful: a.富于洞察力的,有深刻见解的
acclaimed: a.深受赞誉和欢迎的
harsh: a.1.粗陋的 2.来厉的,苛刻的,艰苦的
undeserving: a.不配受到的,不该得到的
 
 爱伦.坡对当代小说所作的洞察入微的评论--这种评判常常能从那些在其它方面不受欣赏的文学瑰宝中挖掘出世大的优点--迫使我们除了对他名闻遐迩的文学才华表示敬仰之外,对他文学批评方面的判断力亦肃然起敬.

The wonder of De Quincey is that although
opium dominated his life, it never----him;
indeed, he turned its use to----when he
published the story of its influence in the
London Magazine.

 overcame.. altruism
 intimidated.. triumph
 distressed.. pleasure
 conquered.. gain
 released.. necessity

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

opium: n.鸦片
dominate: v.支配,统治,控制,施加决定性影响于…
overcome: v.1.战胜,征服,制服 2.克服,压倒
 
altruism: 利他主义,无私,自我牺牲
intimidate: v.恫吓,恐吓,威胁
triumph: n.1.胜利,得胜 2.非凡的成功,杰出的成就 3.喜悦,狂喜
distress: v.1.使痛苦,使悲伤,折磨,使忧虑 2.使筋疲力尽,使紧张,使疼痛
gain: n.获取的财富,收益,利润
 
德·昆西的了不起之处在于,尽管鸦片支配着他的生活,但它从不曾征服过他;事实上,当他在《伦敦杂志》上发表一篇有关鸦片之影响的故事时,他将鸦片的使用转变为一种裨益。

Although Shakespeare received little formal
education, scholarship has in recent years----the
view that he was----the work of classical
authors.

 substantiated.. unimpressed by
 eroded.. obsessed by
 supported.. oblivious to
 questioned.. influenced by
 undermined.. unfamiliar with

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

formal education: n.正规教育
scholarship: n.学识,学术,学术成就,学术研究
substantiate: v.1.证实,证明…有根据 2.使具体化,实现
unimpressed: a.没有留下深刻印象的,未受感动的
erode: v.1.腐蚀,侵蚀,磨损 2.削弱,损害
 
obsess: v.1.使着迷,使心神不宁 2.困扰
oblivious(to): a.1.忘却的,健忘的 2.不注意的,不知觉的 3.令人忘却的
undermine: v.1.侵蚀…的基础 2.暗中破坏,逐渐损害(削弱)
 
尽管莎士比亚几乎没有接受过任何正规教育,但近几年来,学术研究已经削弱了这样一个
观点,即他对古典作家的作品知之甚少。

With its maverick approach to the subject,
Shere Hite's book has been more widely
debated than most; the media throughout the
country have brought the author's----opinions
to the public's attention.

 controversial
 authoritative
 popular
 conclusive
 articulate

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

maverick: n.1.未打过烙印的牲口(尤指迷失的小牛)2.(党派中)闹独立性的人,背离团体自行其事的人,持异见者
media: n.宣传工具,新闻媒体
authoritative: a.1.权威性,可信的 2.官方的 3.专断的,命令式的
conclusive: a.1.决定性的,结论性的,有说服力的 2.最终的
articulate: a.1.发音清晰的 2.善于表达的 3.表达清楚有力的
 
由于对课题的研究采用了一种离经叛道式的方法,希尔·海特的著作与大多数著作相比受到了更为广泛的争论;全国各地的传媒已将该作者有争议的观点提起公众的关注。

其他
Ironically, Carver's precision in sketching lives
on the edge of despair ensures that his stories
will sometimes be read too narrowly, much as
Dickens' social-reformer role once caused his
broader concerns to be----.

 ignored
 reinforced
 contradicted
 diminished
 diversified

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

sketch: v.1.画…的素描(速写) 2.概述,简述 3.草草地做
ensure: v.1.保证,担保 2.保证,赋予 3.保护
on the edge of: prep.濒临…的边缘
contradict: v.1.否认…的真实性,反驳 2.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触,违背
diversify: v.使不同,使多样化
 
具有讽刺意味的是,卡弗对濒临绝望边缘的人生所作的精准描绘保证会使他的短篇小说时常被人们过分狭隘地读解;同样地,狄更斯对社会改革家所作的形象塑造也曾经致使他的那些较为广泛的关注遭受人们的忽略

Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of
the worth of early works of science fiction
suggest that she has become quite----them.

 reflective about
 enamored of
 skeptical of
 encouraged by
 offended by

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

paradoxically: adv.1.似矛盾而(可能)正确地,似是而非地,佯谬地
  2.自相矛盾地 3.逆说地
excessive: a.过多的,过分的,过度的
science fiction: n.科幻小说
 
reflective: a.1.反射的,反映的 2.思考的,沉思的
enamore: v.使倾心,使喜爱,使迷恋
skeptical: a.1.惯于怀疑的,表示怀疑 2.怀疑宗教的
 3.怀疑主义者的,不可知论者的
offend: v.1.冒犯,得罪 2.违犯 3.使厌恶作呕
 
矛盾的是,鲁滨逊对科幻小说早期作品的价值不遗余力的否定暗出示,她对这些作品已变得相当迷恋喜爱。

In Germany her startling powers as a novelist
are widely----, but she is almost unknown in the
English-speaking world because of the
difficulties of----her eccentric prose.

 ignored.. editing
 admired.. translating
 espoused.. revealing
 obscured.. comprehending
 dispersed.. transcribing

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

startling: a.令人惊吓的,使人惊跳的,惊人的
eccentric: a.古怪的,怪癖的
espouse: v.1.信奉,拥护 2.支持,赞成,采纳
disperse: v.1.驱散,分散 2.散发,传播
transcribe: v.1.抄写,誉写 2.把…译成文字,改编
 
在德国,她那作为一个小说家令人吃惊的力度广受推崇,但在英语世界,人们对她几乎闻所未闻,因为她那怪谲的散文实在难以翻译。


It is no accident that most people find Davis' book disturbing, for it
is ------ to undermine a number beliefs they have long -------

calculated.. cherished
annotated.. assimilated
intended.. denied
anxious.. misunderstood
reputed.. anticipated

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

undermine: v.1.侵蚀…的基础 2.暗中破坏,逐渐损害(或削弱)
calculated: a.精心计划的,蓄意的
cherish: v.1.珍视,珍爱 2.抱有,怀有(思想,感情等)
annotate: v.给…作注解(或译注)
assimilate: v.吸收消化,使同化,使趋于一致
reputed: a.1.驰名的 2.被一般认定的,普遍认为的
 
大多数人发现戴维斯的著作令人不安,这决非偶然,因为它刻意要摧毁人们长期以来所怀有的信念。


评论评论家
作为一个评论家,应该具有广阔胸襟eclectic。不该自负self-adulation,好攻击attacks他人。
eclectic= deny that a reviewer must have a single method of interpretation
attacks
Overwhelming vanity= self-adulation


It is his dubious distinction to have proved what
nobody would think of denying, that Romero at
the age of sixty-four writes with all the
characteristics of----.

 maturity
 fiction
 inventiveness
 art
 brilliance

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

dubious: a.1.引起怀疑的,不确定的,含糊的 2.疑惑的,犹豫不决的 3.有问题2
的,靠不住的
distinction: n.1.殊勋,荣誉,著名 2.优良(秀),卓越杰出  to graduate with distinction
characteristic: n.性质,特征,特色
fiction: n.1.小说 2.捏造,虚构,想象
得以证明某一谁也不会予以否认的事情,即罗梅隆在六十四岁时所进行的创作带有全部的成熟特征,这在他而言是一种令人置疑的功劳。

It is ironic that a critic of such overwhelming
vanity now suffers from a measure of the
oblivion to which he was forever----others, in
the end, all his----has only worked against him

 dedicating.. self-procession
 leading.. self-righteousness
 consigning.. self-adulation
 relegating.. self-sacrifice
 condemning.. self-analysis

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

ironical: a.具有讽刺意味的,出乎意料的,令人啼笑皆非的
overwhelming: a.势不可挡的,压倒一切的
vanity: n.1.自负,自大 2.虚荣(心),虚夸
 
a measure of: n.少量,微许
oblivion: n.被遗忘的状态,湮没无闻
work against: v.对…产生不利的作用和影响
dedicate: v.以…奉献,致力于,将…应用于
 
self-righteousness: n.自以为正直(有德行),伪善
consign: v.1.把…交付委托给 2.打发,放逐,使湮没无闻
使…进入一种永久状态中he was forever consigning others to oblivion
self-adulation: n.自我吹捧,自我谄媚
relegate: v.1.把…降级,把…置于次要地位 2.托付,交付 3.把…归类
condemn: v.谴责,宣告某人有罪,判刑
 
具有讽刺意味的是,一个具有如此莫大虚荣心的批评家现在反而蒙受着某种程度上的湮没无闻,而在往是,此君则时时处处要让他人陷入这种湮没无闻之状态;到头来,他的所有那些自吹自擂只能搬起石头砸自己的脚。

Although ---- in her own responses to the plays
she reviewed, the theatre critic was, paradoxically,
---- those who would deny that a reviewer must have
a single method of interpretation.

 dogmatic.. impatient with
 eclectic.. suspicious of
 partisan.. hostile toward
 capricious.. intrigued by
 indulgent.. indebted by

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

Since the author frequently----other scholars,
his objection to disputes is not only irrelevant
but also----.

 supports.. overbearing
 provokes.. frightening
 quotes.. curious
 ignores.. peevish
 attacks.. surprising

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

objection: n.1.反对,异议 2.不喜欢 3.缺点,缺陷 4.障碍
irrelevant: a.1.不中肯的,离题的,无关的 2.不重要的,无意义的
overbearing: a.专横的,傲慢的,盛气凌人的
 
provoke: v.1.对…挑衅,激怒,刺激 2.激起,引起,意 3.诱导,导致
quote: v.引述,援引
peevish: a.易怒的,好抱怨的
 
由于该作者常常评击其他学者,因此,他对争论的反对不仅仅是不合时宜的,而且也是令人吃惊的。

Early critics of Emily Dickinson's poetry mistook for
Simple mindedness the surface of artlessness that in fact
she constructed with such -------.

 astonishment
 vexation
 allusion
 innocence
 cunning

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

Emily Dickinson: n.迪更生(1830-1886,美国女诗人,美国现代诗先驱者之一)
mistake...for...: v.把...误认为...
simplemindedness: n.1、纯朴,天真无邪 2、头脑简单,无知,愚蠢 3、智能低下
  
artlessness: n.单纯,天真,不谙世故,不诡计
astonishment: n.1、惊讶,惊愕 2、令人惊讶的事物
vexation: n.烦恼,伤脑筋,
allusion: n.1、暗指,间接提到 2、引用典故,典故
cunning: n.1、诡诈,狡猾 2、灵巧,熟练,精巧,巧妙制作
 
埃米莉。迪更生诗歌的早期评论家们将其表面的单纯误解为头脑简单,而事实上,她对这种单纯表面的营造却是煞费心机。

Carruthers' latest literary criticism ------- her
reputation for trenchant commentary; despite its
intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust
jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of——

 reinforces.. pronouncements
 belies.. platitudes
 prejudices.. insights
 advances. . aphorisms
 undermines.. judgments

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

trenchant: a.1.锐利的,尖锐的 2.有力的,中肯的
intriguing: a.引起好奇心(或兴趣)的,有迷惑力的
fulsome: a.1.令人作呕厌恶的 2.过分恭维的,虚伪的 3.大量的,丰富的
dust jacket: n.(书籍的)护封,封面纸套
nothing more than: adv.仅仅,不只过(即等于only或merely)
pronouncement: n.1.声明,公告 2.看法,意见,决定
belie: v.证明…为虚假,与…抵触,违背
platitude: n.1.平凡,陈腐 2.老生常谈,陈词滥调
aphorism: n.格言,警言
 
卡鲁塞最近的文学批评有悖于她那一贯以锐利中肯的评论而著称的声誉;尽管书名引人入胜,书的护封上的好评如潮,但它充其量也只是一本充斥着陈辞滥调的集子而已。
 
A number of writers who once greatly ------- the
literary critic have recently recanted, substituting
------- for their former criticism.

 lauded.. censure
 influenced.. analysis
 simulated.. ambivalence
 disparaged.. approbation
 honored.. adulation

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

recant: v.(正式并公开地)撤销,放弃,认错
laud: v.赞美,称赞
censure: n.指谪,责备,公开谴责
simulate: v.1.假装,冒充 2.模仿,模拟
ambivalence: n.1.矛盾情绪(或态度) 2.摇摆,举棋不定
disparage: v.1.贬低,轻视 2.诋毁
approbation: n.1.批(核)准,认可 2.赞成,满意
adulation: n.过分称赞,诌媚,奉承
 
许多作家过去曾不遗余力地诋毁过某位文学评论家,最近他们已摒弃原先的做法,对先前的批评代诸以褒奖之辞。

一种鹤立鸡群的感觉,莫做出头鸟
In the midst of so many evasive comments, this
forthright statement, whatever its intrinsic merit,
plainly stands out as --------

 a paradigm
 a misnomer
 a profundity
 an inaccuracy.
 an anomaly

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

in the midst of: prep.在…之中,正当…的时候
evasive: a.1.逃避的,回避的,推托的 2.难以捉住的,易消失的
forthright: a.直率的,明确的
intrinsic: a.固有的,本质的,内在的
 
paradigm: n.范例,样式
misnomer: n.错误(或使用不当)的名称,术语误用
profundity: n.1.深度,深邃,深处 2.深沉,深刻,深奥
anomaly: n.不规则,反常,异样
 
在如此之多含糊其辞的评论当中,这项直截了当的陈述,不管它具有怎样的内在价值,引人注目地作为一种异常情形显现出来。

评论总体
小说
In an age without radio or recordings, an age----
by print, fiction gained its greatest ascendancy.

 decimated
 denigrated
 dominated
 emphasized
 resurrected

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

ascendancy: n.优势,统治或支配地位
decimate: v.大批杀死,大量毁灭
denigrate: v.1.诋毁,诽谤 2.贬低,轻视 3.弄脏
dominate: v.1.支配,统治,控制,施加决定性影响于 2.耸立于
 3.在…中占首要地位,独占
resurrect: v.1.使死而复生,复活 2.重新启用,使再度流行
 
在一个没有收音机和录音唱片的时代,一个以印刷为主导的时代,小说获得了它最大程度上的发展优势。

Because it has no distinct and recognizable
typographical form and few recurring narrative
conventions, the novel is, of all literary genres,
the least susceptible to ----.

 misuse
 imprecision
 inquiry
 definition
 innovation

————————————————————————
答案:(D)
narrative叙述性的
Every novel invites us to enter a world that
is initially strange; our gradual and selective
orientation to its manners---- infants' ----
to their environment.

 imitates.. welcome
 completes .. introduction
 resembles .. adjustment
 alters .. blindness
 reinforces .. resistance

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

initially: adv.开始,最初
orientation: n.1.(建筑物)向东 2.定向,定位 3.方向,方位 4.适应,熟悉 5.(主美)迎新情况介绍
imitate: v.1.模仿,仿效,模拟 2.仿造,伪造 3.类似
resemble: v.类似于,与…相似
alter: v.改变,改动,更改,使变样
reinforce: v.1.增援,加强 2.补充 3.加固 4.强化(印象等)
resistance: n.抵抗,抵抗力,阻力
每一部小说都邀请我们进入到一个最初显得甚为陌生的世界;对其种种方式规则,我们逐渐的和有选择性的熟悉过程类似于婴孩对其环境的高速适应过程。
戏剧及其他故事背景,让人想起金庸小说总有个历史背景
Dramatic literature often ------- the history of a culture
in that it takes as its subject matter the important events
that have shaped and guided the culture.

 confounds
 repudiates
 recapitulates
 anticipates
 polarizes

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

in that: conj.因为
subject matter: n.论题,题材,主要内容
confound: v.1.使混淆,使惊慌失措 2.挫败
repudiate: v.1.拒绝,否定,驳斥 2.断绝往来,脱离关系
recapitulate: v.扼要复述,概述,总结,概括
polarize: v.1.使极化 2.使两极分化,使两极对立
 
 戏剧文学经常概括着某一文化的历史,因为它将那些对这种文化起到塑造和指导作用的重大事件择取作为其题材.

While some see in practical jokes a wish for
mastery in miniature over a world that seems
very----, others believe that the jokes' purpose
is to disrupt, by reducing all transactions to----.

 dubious.. confusion
 disorderly.. symmetry
 harmonious.. dissonance
 unruly.. chaos
 turbulent.. uniformity

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

practical joke: n.恶作剧
mastery: n.1.权力,统治,控制 2.优势(胜) 3.熟练,精通
miniature: n.1.微小的模型,缩影 2.微型画
 
disrupt: v.1.使破裂瓦解 2.扰乱,使中断
reduce: v.1.缩减,降低 2.使沦落,使衰退 3.约束,捣碎
transaction: n.1.处(办)理 2.交易,业务 3.(人际交往)相互作用
dubious: a.1.含糊的,不确定的 2.(引起)怀疑的,疑惑的 3.有问题的,靠不住的
disorderly: a.杂乱的,混乱的,凌乱的,无秩序的
symmetry: n.1.对称(性) 2.匀称,整齐
 
harmonious: a.和睦的,融洽的,意见一致的,友好的,协调的
dissonance: n.1.不和谐的音 2.不和谐,不协调,不一致
unruly: a.难驾御控制的,不守秩序的,不守法的
turbulent: a.骚动的,动荡的,混乱的
uniformity: n.无差异,无变化,相同性,不变性,一致性,同质
 
尽管某些人在恶作剧中所看到的是这样一种企求,即在小规模上控制一个似乎难以驾御的世界,但是,其他人却相信,恶作剧旨在通过迫使人际交往陷于混乱而达到扰乱的目的。换个位置

The natures of social history and lyric poetry are
------ , social history always recounting the -------
and lyric poetry speaking for unchanging human nature,
that timeless essence beyond fashion and economics.

 predetermined.. bygone
 antithetical.. evanescent
 interdependent.. unnoticed
 irreconcilable.. unalterable
 indistinguishable.. transitory

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

lyrical poetry: n.抒情诗
recount: 详细叙述,描述,列举
timeless: a.1.不受时间影响的,无时间性的,永不改变的 2.永恒的,无始无终的
predetermined: a.预先决定的
bygone: a.消逝的,往昔的
antithetical: a.对立的,对照的,大相径庭的
evanescent: a.逐渐消失的,瞬息的,短暂的
irreconcilable: a.1.不能和解的,相对立的,反对的 2.不可调和的,不相容的
indistinguishable: a.1.难以区别的,不易察觉的 2.无明显特征的,形象模糊的
transitory: a.短暂的,片刻的,无常的
 
社会历史和抒情诗歌的本质是大相径庭的,社会历史总是记述过眼云烟之物,而抒情诗歌叙述的都是恒定不变的人类本性,那种超越了时尚和经济学的永恒精华。


Pp2-34.So much of modern fiction in the United Stated is autobiographical, and s
o much of the autobiography fictionalized, that the ___ sometimes seem large
ly ___.
authors.. ignored
needs..unrecognized
genres..interchangeable(key)
intentions..misunderstood
misapprehensions..uncorrected
在美国,如此多的现代小说是自传体的,如此多的自传是虚构的,以致两个体裁看起来大部分可以互换的。由全句意思,fiction和autobiography有关系,所以是interchangeable,并且它们都是
一种genre A 是 B 来,B 是A,等性元素,赫赫

In certain forms of discourse such as the parable, the
central point of a message can be effectively communicated
even though this point is not -------.

 preferred
 explicit
 inferable
 discerned
 illustrated

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

discourse: n.1、论文 2、演讲 3、谈话 4、(语言学)语段
parable: n.1、道德小故事,(说教性)寓言 2、谜一般的格言,隐晦的比较
message: n.(作品的)启示,教训,寓意,中心思想
communicate: v.1、传达,传播 2、传染 3、显露
explictit: a.详述的,明确(晰)的,显然可见的,直言的,坦率的
inferable: a.可推论(定)的
discern: v.1、看出,觉察出 2、认识,了解 3、识别,区别,认出 4、辨明,分清
illustrate: v.1、说明,阐明,显示 2、给...作插图说明 3、启发,启迪 4、照明
 
在某些诸如寓言一类的文体中,某一主题的要旨即使不是显而易见的,也能有效地传达给读者。

The valedictory address, as it has developed in American
colleges and universities over the years, has become a very
strict form, a literary ------- that permits very little-------.

text.. clarity
work.. tradition
genre.. deviation
oration.. grandiloquence
achievement.. rigidity

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

valedictory address: n.告别演说,知别辞
literary: a.1.文学的 2.精通文学的,文人学士的 3.书面的
clarity: n.1.清澈,明净 2.清晰,明晰
genre: n.1.类型,体裁,样式 2.风俗画
deviation: n.背离,偏离,偏差
oration: n.演说,演讲
grandiloquence: n.大言不惭,夸张,做作
rigidity: n.1.坚硬刚性 2.严格,刻析,僵死
 
 告别演说,正如它在过去的几年中在美国的诸大学和学院发展起来的那样,已变成一种极为严格的形式,一种绝少允许偏差的文学性体裁

As is often the case with collections of lectures
by ------ authors, the book as a whole is ------,
although the individual contributions are outstanding
in themselves.

 different.. disconnected
 incompetent.. abysmal
 famous.. systematic
 mediocre.. unexciting
 various.. coherent

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

contribution: n.(投给报刊等的)稿件,文搞
incompetent: a.不称职的不胜任的
abysmal: a.深不可测的,无底的,极度的
 
对于那些由不同的作者的演讲录编辑而成的集子来说,常有的情形是,整本书会显得杂乱无章,尽管单独的稿件就其本身而言可谓很出色。

People frequently denigrate books about recent
catastrophes as morally----attempts to profit,
from misfortune, but in my view our desire for
such books, together with the venerable
tradition to which they belong, ----them.

 inopportune.. encourages
 fortuitous.. fosters
 treacherous.. safeguards
 despicable.. legitimizes
 corrupt.. generates

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

denigrate: v.1.诋毁,诽谤 2.贬低,轻视
catastrophe: n.1.大灾难(祸),灾难性的结局 2.惨败
misfortune: n.1.不幸,逆境 2.不幸事故,灾难
 
venerable: a.1.值得敬重的,令人崇敬的 2.神圣庄严的,珍贵的
 3.古老的,古董似的
inopportune: a.不凑巧的,不合时宜的,不合适的
fortuitous: a.1.偶然(发生)的 2.幸运的,吉祥的
 
foster: v.1.培养,促进,鼓励 2.养育,照料 3.抱有(希望等)
treacherous: a.1.不可信任的,不忠的,奸诈的 2.不牢靠的,危险的,变化莫测的
safeguard: v保护,保卫,维护,捍卫
 
despicable: a.卑鄙的,可鄙的
legitimize: v.1.使合法(理),批准 2.证明…为有理(正当)
generate: v. 造成,产生,导致,引起
 
人们常常诋毁那些描述近期灾难的书籍,将其斥责为道德上卑鄙的试图,藉以从他人的不幸中获利,但是,在我看来,我们自身对这类书籍的需求,加诸它们所归属的那种古老传统,却赋予它们合情合理的地位。

It is an error to regard the imagination as a
mainly ---- force; if it destroys and alters, it
also---- hitherto isolated beliefs, insights, and
mental habits into strongly unified systems.

 visionary.. conjures
 beneficial.. converts
 revolutionary.. fuses
 negative.. shunts
 synthetic.. integrates

————————————————————————
答案:(C)
1. 鬼子对revolutionary没有好感,认为它纯粹就是destroys and alters。
2. If。。。。。。 ,also 做尽管,但是讲
3. fuses ...into ...united...
hitherto: adv.到目前为止,迄今
visionary: a.1.幻觉的,幻想的 2.空想的,不真实的 3.有眼力的,有预见的
conjure: v.1.念咒召唤(或驱赶) 2.用魔法影响 3.使呈现于脑际
beneficial: a.有利的,有益的,有助的
convert: v.1.转变,变换 2.使皈依宗教,使改变 3.兑换
revolutionary: a.1.革命的 2.革命性剧变的,突破性的,完全创新的
fuse: v.1.熔(化) 2.熔合
shunt: v.1.使(火车)转轨 2.改变(话题等) 3.把(人)撇在一边,推延,搁置
synthetic: a.1.综合(性)的 2.合成的 3.假想的,虚假的
integrate: v.使结合,使并入,使…一体化。
 
将想象力主要地视作一种革命性剧变创新的力量,这是谬误的;虽然它会摧毁一切和改变一切,但它同样也能将迄今为止孤立的信念、见解以及思想习惯溶合成为高度统一的体系。

Many philosophers agree that the verbal
aggression of profanity in certain radical
newspapers is not ---- or childish, but an
assault on ---- essential to the revolutionaries
purpose.

 belligerent.. fallibility
 serious.. propriety
 insolent.. sociability
 deliberate.. affectation
 trivial.. decorum

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

 


Because the report contained much more
information than the reviewers needed to see,
the author was asked to submit a ---- instead.

 compendium
 soliloquy
 treatise
 prerequisite
 critique

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

submit: v.递交,呈递,提交
compendium: n.概要,概略,纲要,简编
soliloquy: n.1.自言自语 2.(戏)独白
treatise: n.(专题)论文
prerequisite: n.先决(必要)条件,前提
critique: n.1.(文艺等)批评,批判,评论文 2.批评术,批评法
 
由于这份报告所包含的内容远远超过了参阅者理应参阅的范围,因此,其作者被要求提呈一份概要,以替代前者。

继承

弱势群体往往被忽视
Many more eighteenth-century novels were written by
women than by men, but this dominance has, until very
recently, been regarded merely as ------- fact, a bit
of arcane knowledge noted only by bibliographers.

 a controversial
 a statistical
 an analytical
 an explicit
 an unimpeachable

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

dominance: n.优势,支配(或统治)地位,最高权力
arcane: a.神秘的,晦涩难解的,秘密的
bibliographer: n.1.书目编制者 2.目录学家,书志学家
explicit: a.1.详述,明确的,明析的 2.直言的,坦率的 3.显然可见的,容易观察到的
unimpeachable: a.无瑕疵的,无缺点的,完全可靠的
 
在十八世纪,女性创作的小说数量相当程度上超过男性创作小说,但女性文学创作的这种主导地位直到最近仅仅被视作一个统计学事实,一点小小的秘密知识,只为文献目录学家所注意。

The author argues for serious treatment of
such arts as crochet and needlework, finding
in too many art historians a cultural blindness
--- to their ---- textiles as a medium in which
women artists predominate.

 traceable.. prejudice against
 opposed.. distrust of
 referring.. need for
 reduced.. respect for
 corresponding.. expertise in

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

crochet: n.钩针编织
predominate: v.占主导支配地位,占优势
traceable: a.1.可追踪的,可追溯的 2.可描绘的 3.可归因于…的,由…造成
的(to)
correspond to: v.与…相符合,相配,对应于
expertise: n.1.专门知识(或技能等),专长 2.专家鉴定(或评价)
 
该作者呼吁,要对诸如编织和刺绣之类的艺术进行严肃认真的研究,因为他发现,在太多的艺术史家身上存在着一种文化上的盲瞎,这种盲瞎可追溯到他们对纺织作为一种艺术媒介的偏见,而在这一领域中,女艺术家们则占据着得天独厚的优势。


There is some----the fact that the author of a
book as sensitive and informed as Indian
Artisans did not develop her interest in Native
American art until adulthood, for she grew up
in a region rich in American Indian culture.

 irony in
 satisfaction in
 doubt about
 concern about
 presumptuousness in

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

sensitive: a.1.敏感的 2.神经过敏的,灵敏的 3.易被动变化的
informed: a.见多识广的,消息灵通的
artisan: n.工匠,手艺人
 
rich in: a.富含…的
irony: n.具有讽刺意味的是,出乎意料的事情或结果,令人啼笑皆非的局面
preumptuousness: n.专横,自行其是,傲慢,冒昧,放肆
 
象《印第安手工艺人》一书的作者这样一个敏感而又见多识广的人直到成年之后才对土著美洲艺术发生兴趣,这一事实中不无某种程序上的讽刺意味,因为她从小就在一个充斥着美洲印第安人文化的地区长大成为的

To believe that a culture's achievement can be measured by the -------
of its written material requires one to accept that a page of junk mail
is as ------- as a page of great literature.

nature.. readable
quality.. prevalent
timelessness.. understandable
applicability.. eloquent
volume.. valuable

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

junk mail: n.三级邮件,(成批大量发出的)邮寄广告宣传品
prevalent: a.流行的,盛行的,普遍的
timelessness: n.永恒,无时间性,永不改变,无始无终
eloquent: a.1.雄辩的,有说服力的 2.富于表情的,明白显示出的(of)
volume: n.1.份量,量,额 2.体积,容积,容量
 
若要人相信某一文化的成就可凭藉其书面材料的总量来衡量的话,这就需要我们接受这样一种说法,即一页三级邮件的价值可与一页伟大的文学作品相提并论。

Aptly enough, this work so imbued with the notion of changing times
and styles has been constantly _______over the years, thereby reflecting
its own mutability.

appreciated
emulated
criticized
revised
reprinted

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

aptly: adv.1.有…倾向地 2.恰当地,适宜地 3.反应敏捷地
imbue: v.使充满,使渗透
thereby: adv.1.因此,由此,从而 2.在那件事上
mutability: n.可变性,无常不定,变化性
emulate: v.1.努力赶超,与…竞争 2.仿效,模仿
 
恰当得很,一部如此贯穿着变化的时代与变化的风格这一观念的著作,在过去的几年中,也不断地被修订,从而反映出它自身的变化性。

发信人 dongyj