| 1、同位结构 A good ad is a work of art, a masterful blend of word and image often composed in accordance with the exact standards of artistic and scientific genius( and some ads, of course, are just plain silly). 这里的整个划线部分都是work of art的同位语。其中包含了一个过去分词定语。 2、省略结构 根据黄关福在《英语中的省略》中的研究，英语的省略大致可以分为四种类型：（1）功能词的省略(ellipsis of functional words)；（2）句法上的省略(syntactic ellipsis)；（3）情景上的省略(situational ellipsis)；（4）语义上的省略(semantic ellipsis)。章振邦在他的语法中主要讲述了并列结构和主从结构中的省略现象。 I may need a bit more vitamin C than you and you ? a bit more protein than I, to maintain peak health. 这里的 ? 后面实际上省略了前面的谓语部分may need。 What humiliation when any one standing beside me could hear a distant flute that I could not hear, or a shepherd singing, and I could not distinguish a sound! 这是类似于What a girl!的what + noun!型感叹句，省略了sb (sth) be!（What a beautiful girl she is!）这句话的状语很长。 练习：补充省略的部分： The pole is attached at the one end to an upright post around which it can revolve, and at the other to a blind-folded camel, which walks constantly in a circle, providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel.（省略主语名词中心词） There are conflicting opinions about Hearst. Some maintain that he was a sincere American patriot, others that he was an opportunist. （省略谓语） I walked from one group to another, listening to the various speeches; some were sharp and bitter; one talked of socialism, another of Communism and another of the Douglas Plan,… （省略谓语） The reports of company chairman very often have a clearly defined overall structure, in which the record of the past year comes first, and some kind of prediction about the future last,… （省略谓语） At least twenty-five were killed and more than two hundred injured when an ocean storm hit Japan Friday.（省略助动词） If we don抰 stop them in Spain while we still can, they抣l turn the world into a slaughterhouse. （省略谓语一部分） Many companies market systems designed to make it safer for aircraft to take off, fly any distance , and land, whatever the weather. （省略谓语） It tells the long history of the relationship that human beings have with animals. It also shows that men can often be very cruel, but that sometimes men treat animals better than they treat other people. （省略主语和谓语） Popular music has not been accepted as an art form until very recently, and even now there are many who still deny that it is .（省略表语） In fact I like sightseers because the people seem more agreeable on holiday than when banging through revolving doors into office buildings.（省略主句） The misunderstanding was due to a breakdown of communication more than anything else. Letters of application are very important to the writer, who in most cases will have spent far more time and care in organizing his information and smoothing out awkwardnesses of style than can be devoted to the average business letter. The doctor never came to the cluster of brush houses. Why should he, when he had more than he could do to take care of the rich people… 3、 倒装结构(略） 4、 插入成分 为了使句子生动活泼，或者为了加入一些说话人个人的观点，英语句子中有很多插入成分，因为暂时破坏了句子的线性结构，所以给读者造成一定的思维断线，也就容易造成阅读的障碍。例如下面的句子： It enables the reader to see the events of his own age, which taken by themselves appear to be of overwhelming importance, in their true perspective. 本句中的taken by themselves（= considered by themselves）就是一个插入成分，当然也可以看成是一个过去分词做状语。 The amino acids have, as it were, two hands: an acidic hand and a basic （碱性的）hand. 5、 替代成分 It is logical that a woman who has focused all of her efforts on her family needs to reevaluate her position when her major function, namely that of being a mother, almost disappears. 这里的that就替代了前面的function。 6、 位移成分 所谓的位移，就是那些在逻辑上没有按照正常语序组织而出现在句子中的成分。它不包括倒装和插入成分。倒装指的是句子的谓语的一部分或者全部出现在主语之前的句子现象；插入成分指的是为了加入个人的看法而和句子的中心意思无关的成分。例如： We accept for our work pieces of paper that have no inherent value on the expectation that we can exchange them later for the goods and services we want. 这里的划线部分一般应该放在最后，构成这样的句子结构：撝饔? 谓语+宾语+for敗Ｕ饫锏膄or可以视为原因，也可以表示一种交换概念。用简单的句子类比，这句话和下面的简单句子相等：揑 received five dollars for my one-hour work.敗？墒怯捎诶渲械谋鲇镉幸桓龆ㄓ铮胰溆钟幸桓霭磐挥锎泳涞慕榇蚀首榻羲嫫浜螅员硎驹虻膄or词组也就被放在了宾语的前面。 2)Disturbing reports began to come to England of the terrible conditions in the hospitals where our wounded men were being treated. 这里的斜体部分应该是放在reports后面的，但是由于信息含量大，被作者放在了谓语部分之后。
练习： 1. A true picture of the period must also take into account the enormous effect of social and political upheavals during the early and middle parts of the century. 2. The very successes of physics and chemistry have ensured that biology should now present the key problems of the whole of natural science, which will call for extensive and at the same time well coordinated efforts. 3. We call conductors those materials which allow electricity to pass easily.
4. We have already discussed to some extent the molecular conditions of gases, liquids and solids. |
