| 造成英语难句另一大原因就是特殊的句型，最常见的有以下几种： 1、比较句型 (comparative structure) 袁昌明编著的《英语比较结构》中把英语的比较结构分为十一种。我们下面站在帮助阅读的立场上对这些结构进行列举分析： (1)同等比较(comparison of equality): as…as …结构 这个结构是英语中最常见的同等比较说法。在这个结构中，第一个as是副词，后面只能接形容词或者副词的原形；第二个as是连接词或者关系代词。第二个as常采用省略形式。这种结构的否定形式是not as … as …。简单的例子如：A black抯 skull will hold as much as a white抯. 这个结构有一个常见的变体，那就是as + 形容词原级 + 名词词组 + as分句。例如：I can抰 drink as sweet coffee as this. 在这个结构中注意几个常见的习惯用语：as many (much) as…as early as … as good as … as well as … A is to B as what C is to D甲比之于乙犹如丙比之于丁。简单的例子如：What the leaves are to the forest that to the world are children注意划线部分是喻体。 It is in A as in B比较古老的用法，等于A is like B。例如：It is in thinking as in exercising; he who often does it will enjoy a good brain. the same … as…这里的as是一个连接代词，用以引导一个从句。例如：We rode the same way as we had come out the evening before. such … as… 这里的as引导一个定语从句，表示象…一样的。例如：For the man sound in body and serene of mind there is no such thing as bad weather. as it were成为一个固定习惯用语，意思是摲路穑梢运禂，在句中作插入语。例如：So long as he wore it he was free, as it were, from summary trial an d execution.仿佛他只要一穿上它，就不会立即受到审判和处死刑似的。 may/might as well … as…都可以翻译成汉语中的摬环翑。但是前者表示肯定的意义，而后者暗含一种否定的态度。比较：You may as well call this poem a picture as call that picture a poem. / You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect him to give up his faith. so much so that … (2)差等比较(comparison of Superiority /Inferiority) more(less)… than …注意这里的more(less)表示形容词或者副词的比较级；than是一个连词，后面应该跟一个句子，但是由于比较经常出现谓语一致的情况，所以than后面的句子常采用省略形式。例如：He makes fewer mistakes than you do .另外，这个结构有一个变体，即：形容词比较级 + 名词 +than分句。例如：The slaves were given worse food than that for their master抯 dogs.这个结构的另外一个变体是摱ü诖?+ 形容词或副词比较级 + of-词组敗＠纾篔ohn is the brighter of the two boys. 另外请注意more than连用时候表示强调意义的情况。例如：He more than smiled, he laughed outright.他岂止微笑而已，他简直是开怀大笑。 too … to … 意思是撎弧瓟注意在too前面出现only, but , all修饰语的时候，句子没有否定意义。例如：I抦 only too glad to do this for you .能为你干这件事我很高兴。 (3)终极比较：most(least) … (4)选择比较： more(less) … than …这里要和前面的差等比较区别开。这里指的是表示同一事物的不同属性，往往翻译成撌钦庋皇悄茄鶖、撚肫渌怠蝗缢怠瓟等。例如：Smith, more dead than alive, was brought in and locked up in a cellar./She was less hurt than frightened. not so much … as …汉语意思是撚肫渌怠遣蝗缢凳恰瓟，其中的as有时可以写作but rather或but。例如：The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. may/might as well … as … 同前面的同等比较一样，这个结构也可以翻译成摬环翑，但是这里表示建议（也许这个句型应该归如建议一类）例如：Our holiday were ruined by the weather; we might just as well have stayed at home! would rather(sooner) … than ….翻译成汉语是撃伞膊弧瓟 prefer… to … 汉语意思是撃浮?而不…敗?
(5)累进比较 the more… the more …汉语意思为撛健健瓟。例如：The more haste, the less speed.欲速则不达。The more I think about Linda and John the surer I became that men and women while deeply in love have the miraculous gift telepathy. (6)对立比较 while whilst whereas and but when nevertheless yet however instead rather on the contrary on the other hand after all for all that all the same only that in the meantime in opposition to in contrast to等都可以表示对立比较。We adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. (7)关联比较 (8)虚设比较 as … as any … (9)不定比较 (10)强调比较 (11)数量比较
2、否定结构： 概说：较之于汉语，英语句子的否定位置是非常灵活的。否定可以是在谓语，也可以是主语、宾语、表语、状语等。谓语的否定是表达否定意义的最常用的形式，也就是在谓语动词前用助动词或者情态动词加上not。如果是系动词be或者动词have，则直接加上not即可。对于谓语使用肯定形式而表达否定意义的其它形式，一般使用词汇手段。但是在这种否定中，读者要注意全面否定和部分否定的表达方式的不同，以免引起理解错误。all every many both作主语的时候。（研究一下）
在阅读实践中，容易引起阅读障碍或者误解的有以下一些表示否定的词组或结构： anything but = never nothing but = only but for = without still less One would not wish to visit the White Mountains in winter, still less would he be willing to live there in that season. other than otherwise the least There is no + v.ing There is no knowing what would happen to you when you wake up overnight. too… to … know better than to do sth hardly ( seldom scarcely rarely barely little few ) |
