| 我们在研究英语否定句的确切含义时知道,凡是谓语动词被否定,全句的意思也随之被否定,这种否定叫做“一般否定”(General Negation);如果否定是针对谓语动词以外的成分,如某个特定的词、短语或从句,这种否定则被称为“特指否定”(Special Negation)。 在一般否定句中,否定词not要放在助动词或系动词之后,如:We did not tell him to go./He is not happy.但在特指否定句中,否定词not则要置于被否定的成分之前,如:We told him not to go. 现在让我们进一步探讨一下,这两种否定句的正确理解、翻译以及它们之间相互转化的问题。 一、一般否定转化为特指否定的情况:每种语言都有它自己一套独特的表达否定的形式和方法。在英语的习惯用法中,有不少句子虽然形式上采用一般否定,但在意义上却是特指否定。如: I don't think you are right.我认为你是不对的。 I don't believe he will succeed.我相信他不会成功。 I don't suppose that it is true. 我断定那事不是真的。 这些句子中的否定词在形式上否定的对象都是主句的谓语动词,但意义上却都是否定他们后面的宾语从句的。然而按照英语的表达习惯,以上三个句子都不可改为特指否定旬,如:不可以说:I think you are not right.等。但在另外一些情况下是可以互相转化的。 例如:He did not seem to follow me. He did not happen to be at home. 这两个句子形式上属于一般否定句,否定词是针对谓语动词的,但意义上否定词都是针对不定式短语的,我们完全可以把第一句改写成:He seemed not to follow me.或It seemed that he did not follow me.(他好象不顺从我。)把第二句改写成:He happened not to be at home.或It happened that he was not at home.(那时他恰好不在家。) 又如:He did not search the room carefully.该句中的not实际上是用来否定carefully的,我们完全可以把它改写为:He searched the room carefully(=not carefully).意即:他已搜查过这个房间,只是不仔细而已。 再如:He did not come to work by bus. 这句的否定词是否定作为方式状语的介词短语by bus的,所以,我们可以把它改写为:He came to work not by bus(but on foot; by bike…).意即:他是来上班了,只是没有乘坐公共汽车而已。 从以上例句分析可见,一般否定在一定的情况下是可以转化为特指否定的。 二、特指否定是否可以转化为一般否定呢? 答案应该是肯定的。 英语中一些否定代词和否定副词用在句中时,在形式上大多数是对句子中的主语、宾语或状语的特指否定。但实质上则等于否定谓语的一般否定。在进行转化时,原先的否定词应变为相应的不定词,其对应情况大致如下: 否定词:no、no one(=none)、nobody、no longer、nothing、nowhere、neither...nor、never。不定词: any、anyone、anybody、any longer、any-thing、anywhere、either...or、ever. 1.对主语的特指否定转化为一般否定。 1) No news came.=News did not come. 2) No help was needed.=Help was not needed。 3) No two persons have the same stock of words. =Two persons do not have the same stock of words. 注意:以上三个句子中的等号后面都不可以加上Any!这是因为any之后不能跟not配用。
2.对宾语的特指否定转化为一般否定。 1) He gave no answer.=He did not give any answer. 2) We made no attempt at this.=We did not make any attempt at this. 3)I could see nothing on the spot.=I could not see anything on the spot. 4)I could remember neither his address nor his telephone number.=I could not remember either his address or his telephone number. 3.对状语的特指否定转化为一般否定。 1)I am old and ill no longer. =I am not old and ill any longer. 2)They agreed with each other in no respects.=They did not agree with each other in any respects. 3)We could find the boy nowhere.=We Could not find the boy anywhere. 4)Never mention it once again.=Don’t ever mention it once again. 这里必须指出,当主语是否定词nobody,no one(none)或nothing时,不能作如此相应的变化。 例如:1) Nobody(None,No one) will go there.不能改为:Anybody(Anyone,Any one) will not go there.2) Nothing is hard in the world if you set your mind on it.不能改为:Anything is not hard in the world if you set your mind on it. 这是因为在英语习惯用法中,否定词不可出现在不定代词之后。 但在“there be”结构的句型中,主语是否定词时,可以作相应的变化。如: There is nothing hard in the world if you set your mind on it.= There is not anything hard in the world if you set your mind on it. There was no one to be seen.=There was not any one to be seen. 注意:这时否定词not出现在不定词之前,是符合英语习惯用法的。 综上所述,我们可以得出这样的结论:一般否定与特指否定之间没有一条不可逾越的界线,在某些条件下可以互相转化,但在局限于某些英语习惯表达法时,则不可以。这里最重要的是,我们不能只凭形式直译或从汉语习惯类推,否则就会闹出笑话。如:People did not shake off Hitler's yoke in order to put on Wall Street’s.若把这一句话当作一般否定句处理,它就该译成:“人们不挣脱希特勒的枷锁,为的是要套上华尔街的枷锁。”这种译法显然是大错特错了。原因是,在该句中,否定词是否定目的状语in order to put on Wall Street’s的,也就是说,该句在形式上是一般否定,而实质上是特指否定。因此,该句可以改为:People shook off Hitler”s yoke not in order to put on Wall street’s.从而理解为:“人们挣脱希特勒的枷锁,并不是为了套上华尔街的枷锁。”我们中国学生对这类句子的理解往往有很大的困难,原因就是被句子的形式所迷惑,而没有从实质上看问题。 相反,我们在作汉译英时,有时也不能单从字面上去死译。如:“他来这里不是为了请求你的帮助。”若从字面上直译就译成:“He came here not to ask for your help.”,然而,按照英语习惯用法,此句中的否定词not应与谓语动词相结合,即应按照一般否定句来翻译,因此应译成:“He did not come here to ask for your help.”而“He came here not to ask for your help.”只有在含有对照的叙述中,才可以表示以上的汉语意思。如:He came here not to ask for your help, but to give you some information. 总之,我们既要弄清一般否定与特指否定的特点,又要弄清互相转化的条件,在翻译和转化时,既要注意遵从英语惯用法,又要注意句子的确切含义。只有这样才能使我们在对否定句的理解与翻译方面提高一步,也才能丰富我们对否定句的表达方法。 |